Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 20.djvu/185

Q U E Q U E 169 Roman Catholic educational institutions. Morrin College (Presbyterian) was founded by Dr Morrin, and is affiliated with M'Gill University. Other Protestant schools are the boys' high school, the girls' high school, a number of academies, and public and private schools, all in a state of efficiency. In 1881 the number of children attending the various schools in Quebec was 9889, of whom half were girls. There is no free public library in the city, but the Literary and Historical Society, the oldest chartered institution of the kind in Canada, founded by Lord Dalhousie in 1824, the Canadian Institute, the Geo- graphical Society, the Young Men's Christian Association, the Advocates' Library, and the Parliamentary Library have valuable collections of books. The principal benevolent institutions are the marine hospital, the Hotel Dieu, founded in 1639 by the duchess of Aiguillon, the general hospital (1693), the Finlay Asylum, the Jeffrey Hale Hospital, the Church of England Female Orphans' Asylum, the Ladies' Protestant Home, St Bridget's Asylum, Grey Nunnery, and the lunatic asylum at Beauport. Nine daily newspapers are published at Quebec, six of which are in the French language. A good supply of water is afforded from Lake St Charles, but the city has suffered so severely from devastating fires in the past that in 1883 the common council ordered an additional pipe to be laid at a cost of half a million of dollars. Quebec is well lighted with gas and the electric light. Connexion is had with all parts of Canada and the United States by several railway lines, and the city is at the head of ocean steam- ship navigation to Europe. There are two lines of street cars. The head offices of three banks are situated in Quebec, viz., the Quebec Bank, the Union Bank of Lower Canada, and La Banque Nationale. Besides these there are two savings banks, the Post Office Savings Bank, and the agencies of the Bank of Montreal, the Bank of British North America, and the Merchants' Bank. The population of the city in 1871 was 59,699 ; in 1881, 62,446 (28,923 males and 33,523 females), 6200 being Protestants. Shipbuilding was formerly one of the chief industries of Quebec, but of late years very few wooden ships have been built. In 1883 .the number was twenty-five, representing a total tonnage of 4596 tons. Manufacturing is carried on to some extent, the principal manufactures being iron castings, machinery, cutlery, nails, leather, musical instruments, boots and shoes, paper, india-rubber goods, ropes, tobacco, steel, &c. Quebec's staple export is timber, the greater portion of the ship- ments reaching town from the Ottawa and St Maurice districts. The rafts floating down the river are collected in the coves, and fastened by booms are moored along the banks. These coves extend along the river for upwards of 6 miles above the city. On the right bank of the stream, not far from Quebec, are extensive sawmills. The port is one of the leading emporiums of the export trade between Canada and Great Britain. The number, tonnage, and crews of the vessels entered and cleared at Quebec for several years is as follows : Entered. Cleared. No. Tons. Crews. No. Tons. Crews. 1880 1881 657 783 675.634 802,186 17,221 19,888 611 851 572,562 847,615 14,587 20,225 1882 642 670,327 17,fi75 680 681,235 17,162 1883 682 787,058 18,687 653 631,213 15,652 1884 693 767,395 19,35.1 698 fiS6,790 16,408 Large quantities of timber especially white pine (10, 427,000 feet in 1883), oak, and red pine are exported from Quebec. The total value of exports in 1883 was $9,268,983; of imports $4,976,713, and of import duty received $823,213-63. The value of the real estate is set down at $24,000,000. The city returns three members to the Canadian House of Commons, and three to the provincial House of Assembly. It is governed by a mayor, eight alderfnen, and sixteen councillors, who hold their offices for two years. Quebec is the seat of the Roman Catholic archbishop, and" the see of the bishop of the Church of England. Quebec was first visited by the French navigator Jacques Cartier in 1535, -when it consisted of a sparsely-settled Indian village called Stadacona. In July 1608 the. city was founded by Champlain, who bestowed on it its present name. Its growth was slow, and the numerous wars with the Indians and the English rendered the work of colonization and settlement precarious and difficult. In 1629 the English captured it, but three years later it was restored to the French. In 1663 the colony was created a royal govern- ment, and Quebec became the capital. In 1690 Sir William Phips with a numerous fleet attempted to reconquer it, but the French governor, Count de Frontenac, destroyed many of his vessels and forced the English to fly. The French held possession until 1759, when it fell into the hands of the British under Wolfe, and it was finally ceded to Britain by the treaty of Paris in 1763. In 1775 General Montgomery with an American force attacked the city, but he perished before its walls and his troops were dispersed. Since then its capture has not been again attempted. (G. ST. ) QUEDAH or KEDAH. See MALAY PENINSULA, voL xv. p. 322. QUEDLINBURG, an ancient town of Prussian Saxony, in the district of Magdeburg, is pleasantly situated on the Bode, near the north-west base of the Harz Mountains. It is still partly surrounded by a turreted wall. On the west it is commanded by the old chateau of the imperial abbesses of Quedlinburg, with the interesting abbey church, the body of which was erected in the llth century. In the crypt, dating from the 10th century, are interred Henry the Fowler and his wife Matilda. The Late Gothic town-house, with additions of the 18th century, contains a good collection of local antiquities. The town also pos- sesses several other churches and numerous schools and charitable foundations. Quedlinburg is famous for its nurseries and market-gardens, and exports vegetable and flower seeds to all parts of Europe and America. It sup- plies most of the seed used for the cultivation of beet- root for sugar in Silesia, Austria, and Poland. It also carries on manufactures of cloth, iron, and chemicals, and a trade in grain and cattle. The poet Klopstock was a native of Quedlinburg. The population in 1880 was 18,437, almost all Protestants. The town of Quedlinburg, which was founded by Henry the Fowler about the year 930, on the site of the old village of Quit- lingen, became a favourite residence of the Saxon emperors, and was the scene of several diets and assemblies of princes. It after- wards joined the Hanseatic League, and attained its greatest pro- sperity in the 13th or 14th century. The convent was established a few years after the town, and was also richly endowed with lands and privileges. The abbesses, who were frequently members of the imperial house, ranked among the independent princes of the German empire and had no ecclesiastical superior except the pope. The town at first strove zealously to maintain its independence against the abbess, and to this end called in the aid of the bishops of Halberstadt. In 1477, however, the abbess Hedwig, aided by her brothers Ernest and Albert of Saxony, forced the bishops to renounce their claims ; and for the next two centuries both town and abbey remained under the protection of the electors of Saxony. In 1539 the Reformation was embraced, and the nunnery was converted into a Protestant sisterhood. In 1697 the elector of Saxony sold his rights over Quedlinbwg to the elector of Branden- burg, whose troops forthwith entered the town. The abbesses retained their right of private jurisdiction, and the disputes between them and the Prussian Government were not finally settled till the secularization of the abbey in 1803. The last two abbesses were the Princess Anna Amelia (1755-1787), sister of Frederick the Great, and the Princess Sophia Albertina, daughter of King Adolphus Frederick of Sweden. QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY is the name applied to a perpetual fund of first-fruits and tenths granted by a charter of Queen Anne, and confirmed by statute in 1703 (2 & 3 Anne, c. 11), for the augmentation of the livings of the poorer Anglican clergy. First-fruits (annates) and tenths (decimse) formed originally part of the revenue paid by the clergy to the papal exchequer. The former consist of the first whole year's profit of all spiritual preferments, the latter of one-tenth of their annual profits after the first year. Benefices under the annual value of 50 are now exempt from the tax. The income derived from first-fruits and tenths was annexed to the revenue of the crown in 1535 (26 Hen. VIII. c. 3), and so continued XX. 22