Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 20.djvu/372

354 R E I R E I powerful impulse of Fichte, and then gravitated, on grounds of religious feeling, towards Jacobi, whom he in turn deserted for the so-called "rational idealism" of Bardili. Reinholdls historical importance belongs entirely to his earlier activity. The development of the Kantian standpoint contained in the Xew 2'fieory of the Human Faculty of Ideas (1789), and in the Fundament des philosophischcn Jfissens (1791), was called by its author "Elcmentarphilosophie." Endeavouring to build up the s3 T stem out of simpler elements, Rcinhold starts from the mere fact of consciousness of the existence of mental states ("Yorstel- lungen " or ideas). Every idea carries with it the reference to a subject, whose idea it is, and to an object, of which it is the idea. This double reference explains why every idea consists, as Kant maintained, of "form" nnd "matter." In its "form "lies the reference to the subject, in its "matter" the reference to an object Hence, too, we see why the thing-in-itself, though neces- sarily existent, is at the same time necessarily unknowable, seeing that all knowledge implies a subject-derived element. The rest of Reinhold's emendations to Kant are little more than suggested improvements in terminology. REISKE, JOHANX JACOB (1716-1774), scholar and physician, was born 25th December 1716, in the little town of Zorbig in Electoral Saxony. From the Waisen- haus at Halle he passed in 1733 to the university of Leipsic, and there spent five years. He lived alone with- out teacher or friend, heard no lectures, but studied con- tinually without order or aim. He tried to find his own way in Greek literature, to which German schools then gave little attention ; but, as he had not mastered the grammar, he soon found this a sore task and took up Arabic. He was very poor, having almost nothing beyond his allowance, which for the five years was only two hundred thalers. But everything of which he could cheat his appetite was spent on Arabic books, and when he had read all that was then printed he thirsted for manuscripts, and in March 1738 started on foot for Hamburg, joyous though totally unprovided, on his way to Leyden and the treasures of the Warnerianum. At Hamburg he got some money and letters of recommendation from the Hebraist Wolf, and took ship to Amsterdam. Here D'Orville, to whom he had an introduction, proposed to re'tain him as his amanuensis at a salary of six hundred guilders. Eeiske refused, though he thought the offer very generous ; he did not want money, he wanted manuscripts. But when he reached Leyden (6th June 1738) he found that the lectures were over for the term and that the MSS. were not open to him. His money too was gone, and he passed a miserable summer. By and by things mended : D'Orville and A. Schultens helped him to private teaching and reading for the press, by which he was able to live, and his great power of work enabled him still to find time enough for his own studies. He heard the lectures of A. Schultens, and practised himself in Arabic with his son J. J. Schultens. Through Schultens too he got at Arabic MSS., and was even allowed sub rosa to take them home with him. Ultimately he seems to have got free access to the collec- tion, which he recatalogued the work of almost a whole summer, for which the curators rewarded him with nine guilders. In spite of his hardships Reiske's first years in Leyden were not unhappy, till he got into serious trouble by intro- ducing divers emendations of his own into the second edition of Burmann's PetroniiM, which he had to see through the press. His patrons withdrew from him, and his chance of perhaps becoming professor was gone. D'Orville indeed soon came round, for he could not do without Reiske, who did work of which his patron, after dressing it up in his own style, took the credit. But A. Schultens was never the same as before to him ; Reiske indeed was too independent, and hurt him by his open criticisms of his master's way of making Arabic mainly a handmaid of Hebrew. Reiske, however, himself admits that Schultens, though he had reason to complain of his scholar want of respect towards him, always behaved honourably to him. In 1742 by Schultens's -advice Reiske took up medicine as a study by which he might hope to live if he could not do so by philology, and at medicine he worked hard for four years, still continuing the tasks that brought him bread as well as his Greek and Arabic studies. In 1746 he graduated as M.D., the fees being remitted at Schultens's intercession. It was Schultens too who con- quered the difficulties opposed to his graduation at the last moment by the faculty of theology on the ground that some of his theses had a materialistic ring. On June 10, 1746, he left Holland and settled in Leipsic, where he hoped to get medical practice. But his shy proud nature was not fitted to gain patients, and the Leipsic doctors would not recommend one who was not a Leipsic graduate. In 1747 an Arabic dedication to the electoral prince of Saxony got him the title of professor, but did not better his circumstances. Neither the faculty of arts nor that of medicine was willing to admit him among them, and he never delivered a course of lectures. He had still to go on doing literary task-work, but his labour was much worse paid in Leipsic than in Leyden. Still he could have lived and sent his old mother, as his custom was, a yearly present of a piece of leather to be sold in retail if he had been a better manager. But, care- less for the morrow, he was always printing at his own cost great books which found no buyers. And so for many years he lived in such misery that he often did not know where to find bread to still his hunger. His academical colleagues were hostile; and Ernesti, under a show of friend- ship, secretly hindered his promotion. His slashing and unsparing reviews made bad blood with the pillars of the university. At length in 1758 the magistrates, of Leipsic rescued him from his misery by giving him the rectorate of St Nicolai, and, though he still made no way with the leading men of the university and suffered from the hostility of men like Ruhnken and J. D. Michaelis, he was compensated for this by the esteem of Frederick the Great, of Lessing, Karsten Niebuhr, and many foreign scholars. The last decade of his life was made cheerful by his marriage with Ernestine Miiller, who shared all his interests and learned Greek to help him with collations. In proof of his gratitude her portrait stands beside his in the first volume of the Oratores Grseci. Reiske died August 14, 1774, and his MS. remains passed, through Lessing's mediation, to the Danish minister Suhm, and are now in the Copen- hagen library. Reiske certainly surpassed all his predecessors in the range and quality of his knowledge of Arabic literature. It was the history, the realm of the literature, that always interested him ; he did not care for Arabic poetry as such, and the then much praised Hani -i seemed to him a grammatical pedant. He read the poets for' their bearing on history, and cared less for their verses than for such scholia as supplied historical notices. Thus for example the scholia on Janr furnished him with a remarkable notice of the prevalence of Buddhist doctrine and asceticism in 'Irak under the Omayyads. In the Adnotatioiics Histories?, to his Abulfcik (Abulf. Annales Moslemici, 5 vols., Copenhagen, 1789-91) he collected a veritable treasure of sound and original research ; he knew the Byzantine writers as thoroughly as the Arabic authors, and was alike at home in modern works of travel in all languages and in ancient and mediieval authorities. He was interested too in numismatics, and his letters on Arabic coinage (in Eichhorn's Repertorium, vols. ix.-xi.) form, according to De Sacy, the basis of that branch of study. To comprehensive knowledge and very wide reading he added a sound historical judgment. He was not, like Schultens, deceived by the pretended antiquity of the Yemenite Kasidas. 1 Errors no doubt he made, as in the attempt to ascertain the date of the breach of the dam of Marib. Though Abulfcda as a late epitomator did not afford a starting- 1 "Animadvers. criticae in Hamzae hist, regni Joctanidaruni," in Eichhorn's Afon. Ant. Hist. Ar., 1775.