gordo, "stupid," Mod. Span, "fat," comp. pinguis Minerva;
pittacium, "patch," " label, " = (
Greek characters), Span, pedazo, "piece";
nanus, " dwarf, " = (Greek characters), Ital. nano, Fr. nain ; botulus, "sausage"
(also Petron.), dim. botellus (Martial), later = "bowels," Ital.
budello, plur. budella, Fr. boyaux. Lucretius (94-55) : baubare,
"bark," Ital. abbajare, Fr. aboyer, Eng. bay; russus, "red"
a rare word, russa gingiva (Catull. ), mentioned as usual by Gellius
Ital. rósso, "red," Fr. roux, rousse, "red-haired." Old words
mentioned by Grammarians: burrus (see 11, above); artitus=
bonis instructus artibus, Prov. artisia, "trade," Fr. artisan;
gluto (Fest. ), glutto (Persius and later), Ital. ghiottone, Fr. glouton
(comp. Lat. glut glut, Fr. glouglou); planca tabula plana, Fr.
planche, Eng. plank; sarpere putare, "to imp," Fr. serpe, "pruning knife."
Grammar. C. Grammar (Plautine, when no author quoted).—Gender: collus collum, Old Fr. cols, now cou; dorsus, &c. Declensions : lacte lac, Ital. latte (Petron. unum lactem biberunt); vasum, Umb. vaso(r), Ital. vaso ; ossum, Ital. osso, Fr. os ; pauper, -a, -um (also Petron.), Ital. povero. Comparison: magis pulcer = Span. 7nas hermoso ; even magis majores, as vulg. .Ital. piu meglio, vulg. Fr. plus meilleur, vulg. Eng. more better(er). The ordinary Rom- ance formation with plus only appears in the 3d period. With ego ipsissumus, " my very self," comp. ipsimus, "himself," i.e., the master of the house (Petron.). Out of (ego)met-ipsimus grew Ital. medesimo, Span, mismo, Fr. mime. Pronouns: dat. fern, illae forilli, Ital. le ; eccum = ecce eum, Ital. ecco pater eccMmadvenit= ccco che viene il padre ; ccciste, eccista = Old Fr. cist, ceste, Mod. Fr. ce, cet, cette ; eccille, eccilla = Old Fr. cil, cele, Mod. Fr. celui, celle. In Italian these were replaced by eccum istum, Ital. questo, and eccum ilium, Ital. quello, analogous to the Plautine eccum ipsum, eccam eampse, &c. ; quotumus, "which of the number" quotumo die hue pervenisti ? Ital. lavorare a cdttimo, "work by the job." Unus indefinite was sometimes very like the modern indefinite article Huic filia una est, "he has a daughter," Ital. ijuest'uoino ha una figlia. Ille was sometimes used very like the modern definite article Imponit geminorum alterum in nave pater, ilium reliquit alterum apud matrem domi, Ital. Iasci6 I'altro colla madre a casa. Note also natus nemo in aedibus, "not a living soul," "not a mother's son," Span, nadie, "nobody," likewise from nata (res), Span, nada, "nothing," whereas the Catalan pre- fers res, Prov. ren, re, Fr. rien (rem). Homo is sometimes like an indefinite pronoun Nequior nemo, quisquarnst, quern homo aut amet aut adeat, Fr. on. Verbs : moriri mori, Ital. morire, Fr. mourir. Active for deponent jocare, Ital. giocare, Fr. jouer, partire = lta.. ; fabulare, Span, hablar. Perfects in si parsi, prae- morsi, Ital. morsi ; the formation in si greatly increased in Rom- ance. Habere with past part, often approaches to modern com- pound tenses, Res omnis rclictas habeo, Ital. ho lasciato tutto. Adverbs : Aliorsum ire for alio, Prov. alhors, Fr. ailleurs. Pre- positions : de for genitive, dimidium de pracda mihi dare, Ital. la meta del bottino ; ad for dative, te ad patrem esse mortuom re- nuntiem, Ital. dire al padre ; cum instrumental, cum virgis caseum radere, Ital. con ; de instr., quam ilia de meis opulentiis fiat pro- peusior, Ital. di. Peculiar local uses are in Ephesum ire, in Epheso esse, ab domo, "from home, " ex Epheso, "from Ephesus"; ab, from (at) one's house, as Esne tu ab illomilite, servus ejus = from (at) the soldier's, foris concrepuit a vicino sene, Ital. dal soldato, dal vecchio vicino. Jyntax Syntax and Phraseology. Pater tuus is erat patruelis meus ; ind comp. Fr. le pere est-il, Ital. il padre lo conosco. Pone aedem ibi >hrase- sunt homines, Ital. vi sono degli uomini. Scio jam quid vis dicere, logy. Ital. so (quel) che vuoi dire. Ne time, ne fac, Fr. ne fais pas cela. Totus gaudeo, tola sum misera, even Cic. falsum est id totum, "it is all false, " Ital. e tutto falso, son tutta contenta, Fr. elle est toute joyeuse. Multum miseri, even Cic. fam. multum bonus, Ital. molto buono, Span, muy bueno, Port, muito bom. Bene morigerus (Plaut.), bcne saepe (Enn.), bene mane (Cic.), Ital. ben bene, ben tosto, Fr. bien bon, bientot, bien souvent. Bene velle alicui, Ital. voler bene ad alcuno. Epityrum estur insane bene (Plaut. ), showing that the furieusement bien of the Precieuses was no novelty. Aequo animo stare, Ital. stardi buon auimo ; stabam tanquam mortuus (Petron.), Ital. stava come morto, stare in letto, star seduto, &c. Dictum (ac) factum (Ter.), Ital. detto fatto, "said and done." Cum (bona) gratia, ' ' with a good grace " (Ter. ), Fr. de bonne grace. Id restabat (dcerat, ut), used ironically, (Ter.), It. questa mancava aucora, Fr. il ne manquait (plus) que cela. II. Second (Classical) Period: 80 B.C. to 100 (150) A.D. Second At this time we begin to have an idea of what South Latin was, of period, which the chief characteristics were (1) its conservative character) supported by the antique forms of the Oscan language ; (2) its pre- ferring i to e, as in sinatum, cinsuerint, cintum, rim, ris, diibits (Lex Jul. ; Heraclea) ; nigatis, tenimus, Lucritius, dicembres, ocilli (Pompeii), tenimus = Mod. Neap, tenimmo; fruminto, siptim (Pute- pli) ; venirandae (Nap.); later sicundo, siptim (Borgia, 386); (3) its preferring u to o, as in furtunilla, postcru, aliu (Pompeii). These forms are constant in Modern South Italian. Now classical Latin was an approach to South Latin, and there arose a strong reaction against the vulgar North Latin forms. But even a purist like Cicero could not always abstain from using colloquial forms, and he sometimes gives us precious information about familiar pro- nunciations, as cun nobis for cum nobis, showing the assimilation of mn to nn. He hesitates to use the new word medietas, which later became the ordinary expression, Ital. meta, Span, mitad, Fr. moitie. Catullus has inwlare, "steal," Ital. involare, Fr. voler, and basium, Ital. bacio (for basio, bagio, like cacio caseus), Span, bcso, Fr. baiser, and the familiar caressing issa for ij)sa, Ital. essa. He and Horace have platea, ' ' street " (for platea = TrXareTa), Ital. piazza, Fr. place. Vitruviushas octuaginta, Ital. ottanta, aperegre = "from abroad," and the Greek words chalare, Ital. calare, zelus, Ital. geloso, Fr. jaloux, and schidia, "wooden chip," "splinter," Ital. scheggia. The transition from b to v begins, triumphamt for -bit (Lex Jul. ). Gradually the popular speech undermined the classical correctness of the brief Golden Age, and at the beginning of the empire again rose to the surface. The emperor Augustus was fond of talking slang and bad grammar, as simus for sumus, and he wrote as he spoke in his familiar letters, although he was very hard upon a poor legatus consularis for barbarously writing ixi instead -of ipsi (Suet., Aug., 88; comp. proximus for propsimus}. At Pompeii and Herculaneum we find a town dialect fully de- veloped, half South Latin, half vulgar Roman. Final consonants were dropped, for instance m in the ace. puella, laudata ; t in the verse "quisquis ama valid, peria qui nosci (? = nescit) amare (Pomp. ) ; s rarely, valea = valeas (Pomp. ). H, the right pronuncia- tion of which had become a mark of education, just as in English (Rusticus fit sermo, si aspires perperam ; Nigid. Figulus), was con- stantly dropped, as in abeto, abuaerit (Pomp.), dbiat (Here.). Nn took the place of nd : vcrecunnus (Pomp.), later innulgen. (Abella, 170 A. D. ), agennae (Puteoli), were generally Italic; comp. Umb. pihaner piandi (distennite, dispennite, Plaut.), Osc. opsannam operandam ; now South Italian Roman monno, Neap. munno, Sicil. munnu=ltal. mondo, Lat. mundus. Ss was used for cs (x) as in words in -triss for -trix (Pomp.). Φ popularly became p, as Aprodite, but with those who tried to speak fine f, just as they made the Greek v an i lacintus, Amarillis, Dafnc, Filetus, Ital. fisico, fisonomia, &c. E for oe seems first to occur during the empire, for example, pomerii (8 B.C.), pomerium (49 A.D. ), Phebus (Pomp.). There is no certain evidence of the sound of Germ, o, Fr. cu ; we see that the first vowel is absorbed by the second. According to Diez, oe becomes close e, ae open e, which is true for popular words like Ital. pena, Fr. peine, but untrue for Latinisms like fete, fedo, ameno, ceto, commedia, tragedia, Febo, oe in Low Lat. being constantly confounded with ae. Original oe never becomes ie, as ae does (cielo, fieno). Vocabulary. We remark at Pompeii cxmuccavit emunxit, Ital. Vocabu dial, smoccare, "snuff (the candle)"; mi similat, Ital. mi somiglia, lary. Fr. il me ressemble, elsewhere only in Late Latin. PETRONIUS : bisaccium, Ital. bisaccia, Fr. besace ; nesapius, "unwise," Ital. savio, saggio, Span, sabio, Fr. sage ; berbex, Fr. brebis ; peduclus, Ijtal. pidocchio, Fr. pou (panus facit diminutivum pamicula, Fest., Ital. pannocchia comp. L. Lat. genuculum, acucula, Ital. ginocchio, agocchia, Span, hinojo, aguja, Fr. genou, aiguille); striga, "witch," Ital. strega; fatuus, Fr. fat; basiavit me spissius, Ital. spesso, "often." Instances of Petronius's grammar are vinus, caelus, comp. Old Fr. vins, dels ; jacebat tanquam bovis, Ital. bove, bue; hoc vetare nee Jovis potest (Old Lat. Jovis pater = Jupiter), Ital. Giove ; munus excellente, neuter, shows the L. Lat. declension, Ital. eccellente ; habet unde=il a de quoi (vivre) ; unus de nobis= uuo di noi (see also LATIN). PLINY mentions sanguisuga as vulgar for hirudo, Ital. sanguisuga, Fr. sangsue ; he has gyrare = Ital. girare, "turn," "roam about." PERSIUS (34-62) has stloppo tumidas rumpere buccas, "a slap," L. Lat. sclopus, sclupare, Ital. schioppo, "gun." QUINTILIAN (c. 40-118): Swarbv quod nostri possibile nominant, quae ut dura videatur appellatio, tamen sola est, Ital. possibile, &c. JUVENAL has bucca foculum excitat, Ital. fuoco, Fr. feu, and TACITUS spatha, Ital. spada, Fr. epee (see also LATIN). III. Third (Post-Classical) Period: 100 (150) to 300(350). This period is represented by the latest pagan inscrip- Third tions, by Gellius, Apuleius, &c. On the decay of class- period, ical Latin, see LATIN. In pronunciation only few decided changes appear. 1. / is inserted before s impurum, as iscripta (Afr., 197), eiffireipeiTU = ispirito (Rome, 269) ; later this was universal, but in Italian only after consonants non istd (colloq. non stti), in ispirito, in iscriito ; Span, always, as espiritu, esta, escribir, escuela ; Fr. esprit, ecrire, ecole. 2. Tt is put for pt, as Setemb. (Helvet., 219), Setimus (Afr., 3d century), later frequent. This assimilation originally came from the north ; comp. Etrus. Lat. Nethunus (tkt), Etrus. NcOuns, Neptunus, Etrus. Lat. Setumnal, Etrus. Sehtmnal Septimiena nata XX. 84
