II. Cornelius Tromp (1629-1691), the second son of the preceding, was born at Rotterdam on 9th September 1629. At the age of nineteen he commanded a small squadron charged to pursue the Algerian pirates. In 1652 and 1653 he served in Van Galen's fleet in the Mediterranean, and after the action with the English fleet off Leghorn, 13th March 1653, in which Van Galen was killed, Tromp was promoted to be rear-admiral. On 13th July 1665 his squadron was by a hard stroke of ill fortune defeated by the English under the duke of York. In the following year Tromp served under De Ruyter, and on account of De Ruyter's complaints of his negligence in the action of 5th August he was deprived of his command. He was, however, reinstated in 1673 by the stadtholder William, afterwards king of England, and in the actions of 7th and 14th June, against the allied fleets of England and France, manifested a skill and bravery which completely justified his reappointment. In 1675 he visited England, when Charles II. created him a baron. In the following year he was named lieutenant-admiral of the United Provinces. He died at Amsterdam, 29th May 1691, shortly after he had been appointed to the command of a fleet against France. Like his father he was buried at Delft.
See H. de Jager, Het Geslacht Tromp, 1883.
TROMSO, a town of Norway, capital of the amt of the same name and an episcopal see, stands on the eastern shore of a low fertile islet of the same name between Hvaloe and the mainland, in 69° 38′ N. lat. and 18° 55′ E. long. It consists principally of one wide street of wooden houses; the chief public buildings are the town-hall, the national church, the Roman Catholic church, and the museum, which contains a good zoological collection. The town has a high school and a normal seminary. The main specialty of the place is bears skins and other kinds of fur. The herring fishery of Tromso is very productive, and the activity of the town is further increased by the circumstance that it is the port of call for ships making for the seal fishing and walrus hunting on Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla. Tromso was founded in 1794. The population, which in 1816 did not exceed 300, was 5409 in 1882.
TRONDHJEM. See Throndhjem.
TROPIC-BIRD, so called of sailors from early times,[1] because, as Dampier (Voyages, i. p. 53) among many others testifies, it is "never seen far without either Tropick," and hence, indulging a pretty fancy, Linnæus bestowed on it the generic term, continued by modern writers, of Phaethon, in allusion to its attempt to follow the path of the sun.[2] There are certainly three well-marked species of this genus, but their respective geo graphical ranges have not yet been definitely laid down. All of them can be easily known by their totipalmate condition, in which the four toes of each foot are united by a web, and by the great length of the two middle tail-quills, which project beyond the rest, so as to have gained for the birds the names of "Rabijunco," "Pailleen-queue," and "Pijlstaart" among mariners of different nations. These birds fly to a great distance from land and seem to be attracted by ships, frequently hovering round or even settling on the mast-head.
The Yellow-billed Tropic-bird, P. flavirostris or candidus, appears to have habitually the most northerly, as well, perhaps, as the widest range, visiting Bermuda yearly to breed there, but also occurring numerously in the southern Atlantic, the Indian, and a great part of the Pacific Ocean. In some islands of all these three it breeds, sometimes on trees, which the other species are not known to do. However, like the rest of its congeners, it lays but a single egg, and this is of a pinkish white, mottled, spotted, and smeared with brownish purple, often so closely as to conceal the ground colour. This is the smallest of the group, and hardly exceeds in size a large Pigeon; but the spread of its wings and its long tail make it appear more bulky than it really is. Except some black markings on the face (common to all the species known), a large black patch partly covering the scapulars and wing-coverts, and the black shafts of its elongated rectrices, its ground colour is white, glossy as satin, and often tinged with roseate. Its yellow bill readily distinguishes it from its larger congener P. aethereus, but that has nearly all the upper surface of the body and wings closely barred with black, while the shafts of its elongated rectrices are white. This species has a range almost equally wide as the last; but it does not seem to occur in the western part of the Indian Ocean. The third and largest species, the Red-tailed Tropic-bird, P. nibricauda or phcenicurus, not only has a red bill, but the elongated and very attenuated rectrices are of a bright crimson red, and when adult the whole body shows a (Jeep roseate tinge. The young are beautifully barred above with black arrow-headed markings. This species has not been known to occur in the Atlantic, but is perhaps the most numerous in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, in which last great value used to be attached to its tail-feathers to be worked into ornaments.[3]
That the Tropic-birds form a distinct family, Phaethontidss, of the Steganopodes (the Dysporomorphse of Prof. Huxley), was originally maintained by Brandt, and is now generally admitted, yet it cannot be denied that they differ a good deal from the other members of the group[4]; indeed Prof. Mivart in the Zoological Transactions (x. p. 364) will hardly allow Fregata and PJiaethon to be steganopodous at all; and one curious difference is shown by the eggs of the latter, which are in appearance so wholly unlike those of the rest. The osteology of two species has been well described and illustrated by Prof. Alph. Milne-Edwards in M. Grandidier's fine Oiseaux de Madagascar (pp. 701-704, pis. 279-281a).(a. n.)
TROPPAU (Slavonic Opava), the chief town of Austrian Silesia, is a busy commercial place on the right bank of the Oppa, close to the Prussian border. A well-built town with extensive suburbs, it has two market-places and contains six churches, an old town-house recently restored in the Gothic style, and numerous educational, benevolent, and commercial institutions. The site of the former fortifications is laid out in pleasant promenades. Troppau manufactures large quantities of cloth, especially for the army; and its industrial establishments include a large sugar-refinery and manufactories of machines and stoves. In 1880 the population was 20,562. German is spoken in the town proper, but a dialect of Polish prevails in the suburbs.
Troppau was founded in the 13th century; but almost its only claim to historical mention is the fact that in 1820 the monarchs of Austria, Russia, and Prussia met here to deliberate on the tendencies of the Neapolitan revolution. This congress of Troppau, however, left nearly the whole matter to be considered and decided at Laibach. The former principality of Troppau is now divided between Austria and Prussia, the latter holding the lion's share.
- ↑ More recently sailors have taken to call it "Boatswain-bird" a name probably belonging to a very different kind (cf. Skua).
- ↑ Occasionally, perhaps through violent storms, Tropic-birds wander very far from their proper haunts. In 1700 Leigh, in his N. H. Lancashire (i. pp. 164, 195, Birds, pi. i., fig. 3), described and figured a "Tropick Bird" found dead in that county. Another is said by Mr Lees (Zoologist, ser. 2, p. 2666) to have been found dead at Cradley near Malvern apparently before 1856 (J. H. Gurney, jun., op. cit., p. 4766) which, like the last, would seem (W. H. Heaton, op. cit., p. 5086) to have been of the species known as P. aetkereus. Naumanu was told (Rkea, i. p. 25) of its supposed occurrence at Heligoland, and Col. Legge (B. Ceylon, p. 1174) mentions one taken in India 170 miles from the sea. The case cited by MM. Degland and Gerbe (Ornith. Européenne, ii. p. 363) seems to be that of an Albatros.
- ↑ A fourth species, P. indicus, has been described from the Gulf of Oman, but doubt is expressed as to its validity (cf. Legge, ut supra, pp. 1173, 1174).
- ↑ Sulidæ (Gannet), Pelecanidæ (Pelican), Plotidæ (Snake-Bird), Phalacrocoracidæ (Cormorant), and Fregatidæ (Frigate-Bird).
