by two towers ; and iu 1369 Hugues Aubriot, at the com mand of Charles V., changed it into a regular bastille or fort by the addition of six others of massive structure, the whole united by thick walls and surrounded by a ditch 25 feet wide. Various extensions and alterations were afterwards effected ; but the building remained substan tially what it was made by the vigorous provost, a strong and gloomy structure, with eight stern towers. As the ancient fortifications of the city were superseded, the use of the word bastille as a general designation gradually died out, and it became restricted to the castle of Saint Antoine, the political importance of which made it practically, long before it was actually, the only bastille of Paris. The building had originally a military purpose, and it appears as a fortress on several occasions in French history. When Charles VII. retook Paris from the English in 1436, all his opponents in the city took refuge in the Bastille, which they were prepared to defend with vigour, but the want of provisions obliged them to capitulate. In 1588 the duke of Guise took possession of the Bastille, gave the command of it to Bussy-Leclerc, and soon afterwards shut up the whole parliament within its walls, for having refused their adherence to the League. When Henri IV. became master of Paris he committed the command of the Bastille to Sully, and there he deposited his treasures, which at the time of his death amounted to the sum of 1,870,000 livres. On the llth of January 1649, the Bastille was invested by the forces of the Fronde, and, after a short cannonade, capitulated on the 13th of that month. The garrison consisted of only twenty-two men. The Frondeurs concluded a peace with the court on the llth of March ; but it was stipulated by treaty that they should retain possession of the Bastille, which, iu fact, was not restored to the king till the 21st of October 1651. In that year took place the famous fight of the Porte St Antoine between Cond6 and Turenne, on which occasion the forces of Condo owed their safe retreat into Paris to the cannon of the Bastille.|1}}
At a very early period, however, the Bastille was em ployed for the custody of state prisoners, and it was ultimately much more of a prison than a fortress. Accord ing to the usual account, which one is tempted to ascribe to the popular love of poetical justice, the first who was incarcerated within its walls was the builder himself, Hugues Aubriot. Be this at it may, the duke of Nemours spent thirteen years there in one of those iron cages which Louis XI. called his fillettes ; and Jacques d Armagnac, Poyet, and Chabot were successively prisoners. It was not till the reign of Louis XIII. that it became recognized as a regular place of confinement ; but from that time till its destruction it was frequently filled to embarrassment with men and women of every age and condition.
Of the treatment of prisoners in the Bastille very various accounts have been given even by those who speak from personal experience, for the simple reason that it varied greatly in different cases. The prisoners were divided into two main classes, those who were detained on grounds of precaution or by way of admonitory correction, and those who lay under presumption or proof of guilt. The former were subject to no investigation or judgment, and the length of their imprisonment depended on the will of the king ; the latter were brought to trial in the ordinary courts or before special tribunals, such as that of the Arsenal, though even in their case the interval between their arrest and their trial was determined solely by the royal decree, and it was quite possible for a man to grow old in the prison without having the opportunity of having his fate decided. Until guilt was established, the prisoner was registered in the king s name, and except in the case of state prisoners of importance, who were kept with greater strict ness and often in absolute isolation he enjoyed a certain degree of comfort and freedom. Visitors were admitted under restrictions; games were allowed; and, for a long time, at least, exercise was permitted iu open parts of the interior. Food was both abundant and good, at least for the better class of prisoners ; and instances were not unknown of people living below their allowance and, by arrange ment with the governor, saving the surplus. When the criminality of the prisoner was established, his name was transferred to the register of the " commission," and he became exposed to numerous hardships and even barbarities, which, however, belonged not so much to the special organization of the Bastille as to the general system of criminal justice then in force.
Among the more distinguished personages who were con fined in this fortress during the reigns of Louis XIV., XV., and XVI., were the famous Man oftlie Iron Mask, Fouquet, the Marshal Richelieu, Le Maistre de Sacy, De Benneville, Voltaire, De Latude, Le Pr6vost de Beaumont, Labour- donnais, Lally, Cardinal Rohan, Linguet, and La Chalutais. While no detestation is too great for that system of "royal pantheism" which led to the unjust and often protracted imprisonment of even men of great ability and stainless character, it is unnecessary to give implicit credence to all the tales of horror which found currency during the excitement of the Revolution, and which historical evidence, as well as a priori considerations, tends to strip of their more dreadful features, and even in many cases to refute altogether. Within the last twenty or thirty years much light of an unexpected kind has been shed on the history of the Bastille from the pages of its own records. These documents had been flung out into the courts of the building by the Revolutionary captors, and after suffering grievous diminution and damage were finally stored up and forgotten in the vaults of the Library of the (so-called) Arsenal. Here they were discovered in 1840 by Francois Ravaisson, who has since devoted himself, with rare patience, learning, and ability, to their arrangement, elucidation, and publication. Of the extent and value of his investigations some idea may be formed from the fact that the six volumes published cover only the interesting period from 1659 to 1681.
At the breaking out of the Revolution the Bastille was attacked by the Parisians ; and, after a vigorous resistance, it was taken and razed to the ground on the 14th July 1789. At the time of its capture only seven prisoners were found in it. A very striking account of the siege will be found in Carlyle s French Revolution, vol. i. The site of the building is now marked by a lofty column of bronze, dedicated to the memory of the patriots of July 1789 and 1830. It is crowned by a gilded figure of Mercury spreading his pinions in the act of flight.
See the Histories of the Bastille by Reimeville (7 torn. 12mo, 1713-24), Fougeret (8vo, 1833), Dufey de 1 Yonne (Svo, 1834), and Arnould (7 torn. 8vo, 1843-44) ; and the Memoirs of Linguet (12rno, 1821, new ed.), Cana (3 torn. Svo, 1787),Charpentier (3 torn. Svo, 1789), and Latude (edited by Thierry, 3 torn. 18mo, 1791-92); also Frangois Ravaisson, Les Archives de la Bastille, (6 vols. Svo, 1866-73); and Charles Louandre, in Revue des Deux Mo/ides, 1874.
1593, was a physician at Colchester, whose celebrity rests on his strong opposition to the Roman Catholic ceremonial. About 1633 he printed in Holland a Latin treatise, entitled Elenchus Reliyionis Papisticce, with Flagellum Pontijlcis ct Episcoporinn Latialium ; and as the English prelates thought themselves aimed at, he was fined1000 in the High Commission Court, excommunicated, and prohibited from practising physic, while his books were ordered to be burnt,
and the author himself consigned to prison. Instead of
