to the court of Spain. Upon the return of the king^ to England he was called home, made keeper of the privy purse, and principal secretary of state, In 1670 he was of the council distinguished by the title of the Cabal, and one of those who advised the shutting up of the exchequer. In 1672 he was made Earl of Arlington and Viscount
Thetford, and soon after knight of the garter.
"Henry Bennet, Lord Arlington, then secretary of state, had, since he came to manhood, resided principally on the Continent, and had learned that cosmopolitan indifference to constitutions and religions which is often observable in persons whose life had been passed in vagrant diplomacy. If there was any form of government he liked, it was that of France. If there was any church for which he felt a preference, it was that of Eome. He had some talent for conversation, and some talent also for transacting the ordinary business of office. He had learned, during a life passed in travel ling and negotiating, the art of accommodating his language and deportment to the society in which he found himself. His vivacity in the closet amused the king ; his gravity in debates and confer ences imposed on the public ; and he had succeeded in attaching to himself, partly by services and partly by hopes, a considerable number of personal retainers." (Macaulay s-flfotf., vol. i. pp. 220-21.)
He died in 1685. His Letters to Sir William Temple were published after his death.
BENNETT, James Gordon, American journalist, originator and editor of the New York Herald, was by birth a Scotchman. He was born at Newmills in Banff- shire, about 1800. Destined for the priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church, he was educated in a seminary at Aberdeen, But it became evident that he was naturally unfit for the priestly calling ; and his aversion ripened into a determination to escape from it. The reading of Frank lin s Autobiography led him to resolve on emigration to America, and in the spring of 1819 he sailed for the New World. Landing at Halifax, he earned a poor living there for a short time by giving lessons in French, Span ish, and bookkeeping; he passed next to Boston, where starvation almost threatened him till he got employment in a printing-office; and in 1822 he went to New York. An engagement as translator of Spanish for a newspaper took him for a few months to Charleston, South Carolina. On his return to New York he projected a school, gave lectures on political economy, and did subordinate work for the journals. In 1825 he made his first attempt to establish a journal of his own ; and the next ten years were occupied in a variety of similar attempts, which proved futile. Daring that period, however, he became Washington correspondent of the Inquirer; and his letters, written in imitation of the letters of Horace Walpole, attracted attention. Notwithstanding all his hard work and his resolutely abstemious life, he was still a poor man. It was not till 1835 that he struck the vein which was to reward and enrich him, On May 6 of that year appeared the first number of a small one-cent paper, bearing the title of New York Herald, and issuing from a cellar, in which the proprietor and editor played also the part of salesman. " He started with a disclaimer of all principle, as it is called, all party, all politics; and to this he certainly adhered. By his immense industry and practical sagacity, his un- scrupulousness, variety of news, spicy correspondence, supply of personal gossip and scandal, the paper became a great commercial success. Bennett continued to edit the Herald till his death. The successful mission of Stanley to Central Africa in search of Dr Livingstone, of whom nothing had long been heard, was undertaken by his desire and at his expense ; and he thus showed in the last year of his life the inextinguishable spirit of enterprise which had animated him throughout his whole career. He died at New York, June 2, 1872.
BENNETT, John Hughes, for twenty-six years professor of the institutes of medicine at Edinburgh University, was born in London on the 31st August 1812. He was edu cated at Exeter, and being destined for the medical pro fession was articled to a surgeon in Maidstone. In 1833 he began his studies at Edinburgh, and in 1837 graduated with the highest honours. During the next four years he studied in Paris and Germany, and on his return to Edin burgh in 1841 published a work on cod-liver oil, the recom mendation of which as a remedy in all consumptive diseases made his name widely known. In 1848 he obtained the chair of institutes of medicine, having already gained high reputation as an extra-academical lecturer and teacher. In 1871 his health gave way; he retired to the south of France, and in 1874 resigned his professorship. In August 1875 he was able to be present at the meeting of the British Medical Association in Edinburgh, on which occasion he received the degree of LL.D. The fatigue he then underwent brought on a relapse, and he was com pelled to have the operation of lithotomy performed. He sank rapidly and died on the 25th September. Professor Bennett was an able teacher, and his original investiga tions entitle him to a high place in the history of medicine. His publications are very numerous, including many articles in medical journals and several exhaustive treatises. Of these the best known are Clinical Lectures, 1858 (5th ed., 1868); Treatise on Physiology, 1858, contributed to the 8th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica ; Text book of Physiology, 1870.
for more than the last 20 years of his life, the head of the musical profession in England by the unanimous verdict of both English and foreign musicians. At his death he received the highest honour England can confer upon her sons a grave in Westminster Abbey. He was born in 1816 at Sheffield, where his father was organist. Having lost his father at an early age, he was brought up at Cambridge by his grandfather, from whom he received his first musical education. In 1826 he entered the Royal Academy of Music, and remained a pupil of that institution for the next ten years, studying pianoforte and composition under Cipriani Potter, Dr Crotch, W. H. Holmes, and C. Lucas. It was during this time that he wrote several of his most appreciated works, not uninfluenced it seems by the contemporary movement of musical art in Germany, which country he frequently visited during the years 1836-42. At one of the Rhenish musical festivals in Diisseldorf he made the personal acquaintance of Mendelssohn, and soon afterwards re newed it at Leipsic, where the talented young Englishman was welcomed by the leading musicians of the rising generation. He played at one of the celebrated Gewand- haus concerts his third pianoforte concerto, which was received by the public in a manner flattering both to tho pianist and the composer. We still possess an enthusiastic account of the event from the pen of Robert Schumann, whose genial expansive nature was always open to new impressions. He never tired of Bennett s praise, whom he pronounced to be "the most musical of all English men," and whom, in a private letter, he goes so far as to call " an angel of a musician." But even Schumann could not wholly conceal from himself the influence which Men delssohn s compositions exercised on Bennett s mode of utterance, an influence which precluded the possibility of an original development to a degree almost unequalled in the history of music, excepting perhaps the case of the Danish composer Niels W. Gade, who like Bennett was attracted to Leipsic by the fame of Mendelssohn, and who like him offered his own artistic individuality at the shrine of the German composer s genius. According to a tradition, the late Professor Hauptmann, after listening to a composition by Gade, is said to have pronounced the sarcastic sentence,
" This sounds so much like Mendelssohn, that one might
