and received large rewards from Parliament for his valuable fccrvices. On the formation of a council of state Bradshaw was elected a member, and for three years held office as [(resident. After that time the presidents were elected in rotation, and held their appointment for a month. When, on the 20th April 1653, Cromwell, after dismissing the Parliament, came to dissolve the council, Bradshaw is said to have confronted him boldly, and denied his power to dissolve the Parliament. This story rests on the authority of Ludlov, who was not a witness, and who does not say that Bradshaw was president of the council on that occasion. Bradshaw, an ardent republican, ever afterwards showed himself an uncompromising adversary of Cromwell. He was returned for Cheshire in the Parliament of 1654, and spoke strongly against vesting the power in a single person. He refused to sign the " engagement " drawn up by Cromwell, and in consequence withdrew from Parliament. Some time afterwards lie was concerned with Harrison and others in one of the numerous republican conspiracies, and it has even been suspected that he was at least cog nizant of some of the fifth monarchy men's desperate plots. He failed to obtain a seat in the Parliament of 1656, and on 1st August of the same year Cromwell ordered him to be dismissed from the chief-justiceship of Chester. It is not quite certain that this order was carried out. After the abdication of Richard Cromwell, Bradshaw again entered Parliament and became a member of the council of state. His health, however, was bad, and his last public eiFort was a vehement speech on the seizure of Speaker Lenthall, in which he denounced the military despotism of the time, lie died on the 22d November 1659, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His body was disinterred at the Restoration, and exposed on a gibbet along with those of Cromwell and Ireton. Bradshaw's character will be found very differently drawn by Clarendon (History of the Rebellion, bk. xi.) and Milton (Defensio Secunda).
See Foss, Lives of Judges; Onnerod's Chester, iii. 408-9! Beauties of England and Wales, ii. 26-1, sqq.; Noble, Lives of the English Regicides, vol. i.; Caulfield, High Court of Justice; Godwin, History of the Commonwealth; Ludlow's Memoirs; Forstcr's States men of the Commonwealth. On Bradshaw's connection with Milton sec Masson, Life of Milton, i.
BRADWARDIN, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, surnamed the Profound Doctor, was born at Hartfield in Sussex towards the close of the 13th century. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skilful mathematician, and an able divine. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. From being chancellor of the diocese of London, he became chaplain and confessor to Edward III., whom he attended during his wars in France. After his return from the war he was made prebendary of Lincoln and subsequently archbishop of Canterbury. He died of the plague at Lam beth, in the year 1349, forty days after his consecration. Chaucer in his Nun's Priest's Tale ranks Bradwardin with St Augustine.
His great work is a treatise against the Pelagians, entitled DC causa Dei, printed at London, 1618, folio, by Sir Henry Savile. He wrote also De Geomctria sjxculativa, Paris, 1495, 1512, 1530; DeArithmelicapractica, Paris, 1502, 1512; De Proportionibus, Paris, 1495, Venice, 1505, folio; De Quadratura Circuli, Paris, 1495, folio.
BRADY, Nicholas, D.D., whose name is familiar as the translator, in conjunction with Tate, of a new metrical version of the Psalms, was born at Bandon in the county of Cork in October 1659. He received his early education at Westminster school, and then studied at Christ Church, Oxford; but he graduated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was in due time made a prebendary of Cork. He was a zealous promoter of the Revolution and suffered in conse quence. When the troubles broke out in Ireland in 1690, Brady, by his influence, thrice prevented the burning of the town of Bandon, after James II. had given orders for its destruction; and the same year he was employed by the people of Bandon to lay their grievances before the English parliament. He soon afterwards settled in London, where he obtained various preferments. At the time of his death in 1726 he held the livings of Clapham and Richmond. Besides his version of the Psalms, which was licensed in 1696, he translated Virgil's dlncid, and wrote several smaller poems and dramas. His prose works consist of sermons.
BRAGA, a city of Portugal, capital of a district in the province of Minho, is situated on an elevated plain near the River Cavado (Ncebis),in 41 43 N. lat. and 8 16 W. long. The city proper, which has extensive suburbs, is surrounded by walls and towers, and has broad and wellbuilt streets. The cathedral, which dates from the 12th century, is an imposing structure, and contains a large number of interesting objects of art. Among the other churches Santa Cruz is pre-eminent. There are also several convents in the city, an archiepiscopal palace, a lyceum, a library, an orphan asylum, and a large hospital; also the ruins of a theatre, a temple, and an aqueduct of Roman workmanship, and a great variety of minor antiquities of different ages, The principal manufactures are fire-arms, jewellery, and cutlery; and weaving and wax-bleaching are also carried on. A large cattle market is held in June and September. About two and a half miles distant is the celebrated sanctuary of Jesus de Monte, to which pilgrim ages are frequently made. Population, 18,467.
Braga is identified with the Bracara Augusta of the Romans, the capital of the Callaici Bracarii. About the 5th century it became the chief city of the Suevi; it passed successively into the hands of the Goths and the Moors, and was captured from the latter by Alphonso of Castile. It has for a long time been the seat of the primate of Portugal, who also claimed to be head of the Spanish church, and before the conquest of Coimbra and Lisbon it was the residence of the Portuguese court.
BRAGANÇA, a town of Portugal, the capital of the province of Tras-os-Montes on the Fervenza, 26 miles N.W. of Miranda. It consists of an upper and lower town; the former surrounded with walls, is the seat of the bishop of Braganga and Miranda, and has a citadel, a college, a hospital, and a poor-house, and some manufactures of silk and velvet. The reigning houses of Portugal and Brazil are descendants of the old dukes of Braganga. Population, 4503.
BRAHAM, John, a celebrated English vocalist, was born in London in 1774, of Jewish parentage, his family name being Abraham. He received his first lessons in singing from Leoni, a well-known Italian artist, and made his appearance on the stage of the Covcnt Garden Theatre so early as 1787, when he sang bravura airs composed for Madame Mara. On the breaking of his voice his public career was interrupted for a time, and he had to support himself by teaching the pianoforte. In a few years, how ever, he recovered his voice, which proved to be a tenor of exceptionally pure and rich quality. His second debut was made in 1794 at the Bath concerts, to the conductor of which, Rauzzini, lie was indebted for careful training, extending over a period of more than two years. In 1796 he reappeared in London at Drury Lane, the opera being Storace's Mahmoiid. With the view of perfecting himself in his art he set out for Italy in the autumn of the following year. On the way he gave some concerts at Paris, which proved so successful that he was induced to remain, contrary to his original intention, for eight months in that city. His career in Italy was one of continuous triumph; he appeared in all the principal opera-houses,
