regency were unavailing, and soon after parting from bis brother on the 29th June, he left Franc?. Arrested at Turin he was kept for three months in confinement before he was suffered to settle again at Rome. He passed the remainder of his life in Italy, surrounded by his family and busily engaged in literary and antiquarian labours. The grounds around Canino proved unusually rich in gems and Etruscan curiosities, of which a valuable cabinet was formed. He died at Viterbo, 29th June 1840 Lucien was a man of high abilities, resolute to his purpose, and of great cour age and presence of mind He was throughout his whole life a moderate or constitutional republican. As a literary man he enjoys considerable distinction, though his great epic, Charlemagne (2 vols. 4to, London, 1814), was a failure. His Mcmoires, unfortunately, have not, been com pleted He was twice married. By his first wife he had two daughters ; by his second, four daughters and four sons. Of the sons the eldest, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent (born 1803, died 1857), prince of Canino, is distinguished as a naturalist, and takes rank along with Wilson and Audubon. In 1822 he married his cousin, Zenaide, daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, whom he joined in America. He remained there till 1828, and gained high reputation by his works on American ornithology. After his return to Italy he began the publication of a magnificent work, Iconografia ddla Fauna Italica, 3 vols., 1833-41. On his father s death in 1840 he succeeded to the title, and in 1847 began to interest himself in politics. He was ordered to leave the Austrian territories for having introduced political matter into a scientific congress, and in 1848-49 he took part on the Hadical side in the disturbances at Rome. Driven from that city by the arrival of French troops he landed at Marseilles, but received an order to quit French territory. Not having paid any attention to this he was seized and conducted under escort to Havre, whence he was compelled to take ship for England. He returned once more to Paris, but did not again interfere in politics. Of the other sons of Lucien, Louis Lucien (born in 1813) has distinguished himself as a philologist, and is known by his writings on the Basque language as well as on the dialects of Italy and England ; and Pierre Napoleon, commonly called Prince Pierre (born 1815), has lived a troubled life of adventure in Italy, America, and France. In January 1870 he shot and mortally wounded the journalist Victor Noir, who had called upon him to arrange preliminaries for a duel with M. Paschal Grousset. This unfortunate affair did inconceivable harm to the Napoleonic cause. The prince was found not guilty, but was ordered to indemnify the family of Noir. From that time he took
up his residence in London.
IV. Marie Anne Elisa, born at Ajaccio on the 3d January 1777. She married in 1797 Felix Bacciochi, captain of infantry, who was poor but of good family. In 1805 Lucca and Piombino were erected into a principality for her, and she gave such proofs of administrative ability as to be named the Scmiramis of Lucca. After the fall of Napoleon "she lived for some time at Brunn, and latterly at tSanto Andrea near Trieste, where she died in 1820.
V. Louis, the father of Napoleon III., was born at Ajaccio in 1778. He received the greater part of his military education at the school of Chalons, and accom panied his brother throughout the famous Italian cam paigns. He distinguished himself in various engagements, particularly at the battle of Arcola, but manifested little enthusiasm for a military career. He took part in the Egyptian expedition, and was sent back from Cairo to report the state of affairs and solicit reinforcements. In 1802, with the greatest reluctance, for he was enamoured of another, he was prevailed on to marry Hortense Beau- harnais. Josephine s daughter. The forced The forced marriaire proved exceedingly unhappy. After the consulate he became general, and in 1804 was raised to the dignity of prince. He was commissioned to organize the army of the north in 1805, and performed his task to the complete satisfaction of Napoleon. Soon afterwards the States-general of Holland sent a deputation to the emperor praying that one of his brothers might be made their king. Louis, who was selected for this dignity, consented with considerable reluctance, and was proclaimed on the Gth June 1806. But when he had assumed the reins of government he manifested the warmest interest in his new subjects. He procured the withdrawal of the French troops from Holland, and formed a cabinet consisting almost entirely of Dutch notables. The decree blockading the British Isles was extremely offensive to him in his new position, and he evaded it so far as possible. In 1807 the death of his eldest son caused him to withdraw for a time to the south of France, and on his return Hortense did not accompany him. The relations of the king with Napoleon were anything but satisfactory. The emperor complained of not receiving due assistance from Holland, and in 1809 sent Bernadotte to take com mand of the army in that country. At the meeting of the two brothers in December 1809 there was a bitter quarrel; and Louis, who felt that his country was looked on as merely a province of the empire, was detained as a prisoner, while Holland was overrun with French troops. Before obtaining his release he was compelled to sign a new treaty with the emperor, which greatly curtailed his power. Mat ters were not improved after his return to Amsterdam, and on the 1st July 1810 he abdicated at Haarlem in favour of his elder son Napoleon Louis. He then set out for Toplitz, where he resided with the assumed title of Comte de St Leu. His kingdom was soon united to the empire, and no attention was paid to the arrangement he had made. After the Russian campaign he offered his services to his brother, and tried again, but in vain, to resume his power in Holland. In 1815 he instituted pro ceedings against his wife to obtain from her the custody of his elder son, and gained his cause. He refused to take any part in the Hundred Days, and settled in Rome, where he passed most of the remainder of his life. His wife was reunited to him, but the death of his elder son, in 1831, was a blow from which he never recovered. The unfortunate attempts of Louis Napoleon at Strasburg and Boulogne also affected him deeply; and he in vain attempted to procure his son s liberation from the prison of Ham. After the escape of the prince his father earnestly desired to see him, but passports for Italy could not be granted. The disappointment was too much for Louis, who was seized with apoplexy, and died on the 25th July 1846. His remains were conveyed to Saint Leu in 1847. Louis was of a somewhat retiring and philosophic disposition, inclined to rule well had he been permitted, and of decided literary tastes. He published several works Marie, ou les IIol- landaises, a novel ; Odes ; Mcmoire snr la versification ; Histoire du Parlement Anglais ; Documents historigues ft reflexions stir la Gouvernement de la llullande ; Rcponse a Sir Walter Scott ; Nouveau recueil des poesies. He had three sons Napoleon Charles, born 1802, died 1.807 ; Napoleon Louis, born 1804, died 1831 ; Charles Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III., q.v.), born 1808, died 1873.
she was married to General Leclerc, whom she accompanied in the same year to St Domingo. Her husband died there of yellow fever in 1802, and she returned to France. On the 28th August 1803 she was married, through her brother s influence, to Camillo, Prince Borghese, a wealthy Italian nobleman. It was not long before they separated ; and Pauline, with the rank of duchess of Guastalla, lived
in a style of easy magnificence. She was good tempered,
