Chambord. In 1870 the French Government was transferred to Bordeaux from Tours on the approach of the
Germans to the latter city.
Dupre de Saint Jlaur, Hist. C uric use dc Bordeaux, 1760; Devienne, Hist, de la ville de Bordeaux, 1771 and 1862 ; Bernadan, Hist, de Bordeaux, 1838-40; O Hcilly, Hist, complete de Bordeaux, 1853-60.
BOREAS, in Greek Mythology, was a personification of the north wind, and to be like it he was represented as rough, powerful, and accustomed to gain his ends by irresistible force. A favourite instance of this was the story of his carrying off the beautiful Oreithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, when he found her gather ing flowers by the banks of the Ilissus, or at the sources of the Cephisus, others said the Areopagus, and others, again, the Citadel. He had sought before to woo her in vain, and now carried her to Mount Ilaernus in Thrace, where they lived as king and queen of the winds, and had two sons, Zetes and Calais, and two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione. For the loss of Oreithyia the Athenians in after times counted on Boreas s friendliness, and were assured of it when he sent storms which wrecked the Persian fleet at Athos and at Sepias. For this they erected to him a sanctuary, or, as others said, an altar near the Ilissus, and held a festival in his honour. Thurii also, which was a colony of Athens, offered a sacrifice to him every year, because he had destroyed the hostile fleet of Dionysius the elder. Boreas was described as a son of Astneus and Aurora. In works of art he was represented as bearded, powerful, draped agaiust cold, and winged. On the Tower of the Winds at Athens he is figured holding a shell, such as is blown by Tritons. Boreas carrying off Oreithyia is the subject of a beautiful bronze relief in the British Museum, found in the island of Calymna. The same subject occurs frequently on the painted Greek vases.
BORELLI, Giovanni Alfonso, the head of what has been called the iatro-mathematical sect, or that which, misled by the great progress which the application of mathematics had produced in the physical sciences, attempted to secure the same advantage for medicine, by subjecting to calculation the phenomena of the living economy. He was born at Naples, January 28, 1608, taught mathematics for some time at Pisa, and seems after wards to have held the professorship of medicine at Flo rence. He was greatly favoured by the princes of the house of Medici ; but having been engaged in the revolt of Messina, he was obliged to retire to Rome, where he spent the remainder of his life under the protection of Christina, queen of Sweden, who honoured him with her friendship, and by her liberality softened the rigour of his fortune. He died of pleurisy on the 31st December 1679. Borelli, more judicious than Bellini, restricted the applica tion of his system chiefly to muscular motions, or to those phenomena of the animal economy which are in certain points subject to the laws of mechanics, and was led to the discovery of some principles new in themselves, and directly opposed to the received beliefs of his time. His followers, less cautious, wishing to generalize the applica tion he had made, by hypotheses, to which the return to a sound medical philosophy has done justice, greatly retarded the restoration of the science.
The works of Borelli are, 1. Delia Causa dclle Felri maligni, Pisa, 1658, 4to; 2. De Renum usu Judicium, Strasburg, 1664, 8vo; 3. Eudides Rcstitutus, 1628, 4to ; 4. Apollonii Pergcci Conicorum libri v. vi. ct vii., Florence, 1661 ; 5. Thcoriic Mcdiccorum Planet- arum ex Causis Physicis dcductcc, Florence, 1666, 4to ; 6. Traetatus de Vi Pcrcussionis, Bologna, 1667, 4to; 7. Historia ct Metcorologia incendii JEtlnici, Eeggio, 1669, 4to ; 8. DC Motionibus naturalibus a gravitate pendentibus, Bologna, 1670, 4to ; and 9. DC Motu Ani- maiium, opus posthumum, Rome, 1680, 1681, 4to.
BORGA, or Borgo, a seaport town of the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, situated in the province of Nyland, at the entrance of the River Borga into the Gulf of Finland, about 25 miles N.W. of Helsiugfors, iu GO 22 N. lot. and 25 45 E. long. It was at one time a wealthy and hand some city, but has greatly decayed. It is still the seat of a Lutheran bishopric which extends over a large part of Finland ; and it possesses a beautiful cathedral, a gymnasium (where the well-known Swedish poet Runeberg lectured for many years), and a theatre. The weaving of sail-cloth and the manufacture of tobacco are the principal industries, and the chief articles of trade are wood, butter, and meal. In 1873 the value of the imports, mainly from Germany, England, and Russia, was upwards of 141,000, while that of the exports was rather under 50,000. Borga was the seat of the Finnish diet in 1809. Population, which is mostly Swedish, in 18G7, 3420.
BORGERHOUT, a flourishing township of Belgium, in the arrondissement of Antwerp, and on the road from that city to Turuhout. It has bleachfields, dye-works, woollen factories, and corn-mills. Population, 10,787.
BORGHESE, a noble Sienese family, one of whom, on being elected pope in 1605, assumed the name of Paul V., after which the family became among the most powerful of the Roman nobility by their union with the Aldobrandiui. Camillo Filippo Ludovico, Prince Borghese (born 1775), married in 1803 Pauline, sister of the Emperor Napoleon, and widow of General Leclerc. In 1806 he was made duke of Guastalla, and for some years acted as governor of the Piedmontese and Genoese provinces. After the fall of Napoleon he fixed his residence at Florence, where he died in 1832. The Borghese palace at Rome is one of the most magnificent buildings in the city, and contains a splendid gallery of pictures.
and Lucretia Borgia up to the death of their father has been related under Alexander VI. (vol. i. p. 487). Alexander s sudden decease at an unfavourable conjuncture proved the ruin of Caesar, who, as he subsequently told Machiavelli, had provided for every contingency except that of his father and himself being disabled at the same time. Though suffering from a dangerous illness, popularly be lieved to be the effect of poison, he possessed himself of his father s treasures, and exerted sufficient influence in the conclave to procure the election of a friendly pope. The pontificate of Pius III., however, only endured for a few weeks, and his successor, Julius II., the hereditary enemy of the Borgias, threw Caesar into the prison of St Angelo, where he was detained until he had consented to deliver up all his fortresses. He was then sent to Naples, where the Spanish viceroy, Gonsalvo de Cordova, in violation of his pledge, caused him to be arrested and sent to Spain. After two years confinement in the castle of Medina del Canipo, he escaped and took refuge with his brother-in-law, the king cf Navarre, in whose service he was slain before Viana, March 12, 1507. Citsar possessed considerable abilities, but these are in general much overrated by historians, especially by Lord Macaulay in his essay on Machiavelli. His extraordinary success was not so much owing to the superiority of his qualities as to his utter emancipation from every restraint of conscience and honour. As a ruler he w r as intelligent and sagacious; his subjects regretted him, and his mercenaries served him with remarkable fidelity. Lucretia Borgia s life, after her marriage to the duke of Fcrrara s son, was prosperous and uneventful, or at most only troubled by the not very well attested homage of Cardinal Bembo. She obtained uni versal respect by her piety and prudence, and her patron age of men of letters, and died in 1520. In fact, although intelligent and highly educated she was essentially a common-place woman, incapable from every point of view
of the atrocities imputed to her by libellers in her own
