its immediate vicinity, upwards of twenty distilleries, which produce a spirit that is in high estimation. Many of the inhabitants are also engaged in the fisheries and the coasting trade. A good supply of water is fur nished, from a distance of a mile and a half, by the works opened in 1866. The harbour, which is formed by the inlet of the sea called Campbeltown Loch, has been im proved by the extension of the pier to a distance of 250 feet. The whole bay measures about 2 miles in length by 1 in breadth, and has from 6 to 15 fathoms water. The registered vessels belonging to the port on the 31st of December 1874 were 41 sailing vessels of 2590 tons and 2 steamships of 284. During the same year there entered 806 British and 18 foreign vessels, with a tonnage of 61,838 and 2353 respectively. Campbeltown unites with Ayr, Inveraray, Irvine, and Oban in sending one member to parliament. The population of the parliamentary burgh in 1871 was 4593, while that of the parish amounted to 8580. Campbeltown is supposed to be a place of consider able antiquity, though no memorial of this exists except a finely-sculptured stone cross, which now stands on a pedestal in the market-place, and is popularly assigned to the 12th century. Prior to 1700 the place was a mere fishing village, but it was then erected into a royal burgh through the interest of the Argyll family, from whom it
derived its name.CAMPE, Joachim Heinrich (1746-1818), a German educationist, was born at Deensen in Brunswick in 1746. He studied theology at the university of Halle, and after acting for some time as chaplain at Potsdam, he accepted a post as director of studies in the Philanthropin at Dessau. He soon after set up an educational establishment of his own at Trittow, near Hamburg, which he was obliged to give up to one of his assistants within a few years, in con sequence of feeble health. In 178.7 he proceeded to Brunswick as counsellor of education, and purchased the Schulbuchkandliing, which under his direction became a most prosperous business. He died in 1818. His numerous educational works were widely used throughout Germany. Among the most popular were the Kleine Kinderbibliothek, 12 vols., llth ed., 1815; Robinson der Jilngere, 59th ed., 1861, translated into English and into nearly every European language ; and Sdmmtliche Kinder- uiid Jugendschnften, 37 vols.
CAMPEACHY, or Campeche, a fortified town of Mexico, formerly in the province of Yucatan, but now the capital of a new state to which it gives its name, is situated on the west side of the peninsula on the shore of the Bay of Campeachy, in 20 5 N. lat. and 90 16 W. long. The town is generally well built, though the houses, chiefly of limestone, are for the most part only one story in height. Its public edifices, several of which are substantial struc tures, comprise a citadel, several churches and convents, a theatre, a museum, a college, a school of navigation, a hospital, and a custom-house. The port, though of con siderable extent, and defended by a breakwater 160 feet long, is very shallow, and vessels drawing more than 10 feet have to anchor upwards of a mile from shore. During the Spanish domination Campeachy had a monopoly of the imports to Yucatan, and it still maintains a fair amount of commercial activity. There is a large trade in logwood (Palo de Campecko, or Campeachy wood), and con siderable quantities of wax, cotton, hides, and cigars are also exported. Shipbuilding is carried on, and salt and marble are obtained in the neighbourhood. In 1872, 24 foreign vessels entered the port, and 317 engaged in the coasting trade ; and in the previous year the customs amounted to 29,133,000. A railway is in course of con struction to Minatitlan, a distance of 385 miles. The vicinity is interesting for its Indian remains ; and the city itself is said to be " built over extensive artificial galleries or catacombs, supposed to have been devoted by the ancient people [Mazas] to sepulchral uses." See Bancroft s Native Races of tlie Pacific States of North America, vol. iv. p. 265. The Spanish town, founded about 1540 near the older Indian settlement, which at the time of the con quest had about 3000 houses, was captured by the English in 1659, and several times in the same century fell into the hands of the Buccaneers. In the revolution of 1842 it was the scene of various engagements between the Mexicans and the people of Yucatan, in the last of which the latter were signally successful. The population, which numbered 15,500 in 1865, is now nearer 19,000.
CAMPEGGIO, or Campeggi, Lorenzo (1479-1539), Cardinal, was born at Bologna in 1479. He was the son of an eminent lawyer, and for some years was himself engaged in the legal profession. But after the death of his wife he entered the church and quickly attained to high office. For his services to the Papal cause during the reduction of Bologna, Pope Julius II. raised him to the rank of bishop, and sent him as nuncio to Germany and Milan. In 1517 he became cardinal, and two years later he was sent to England to stir up a religious crusade against the Turks. He was unsuccessful in this mission, but received from Henry VIII., in 1524, the bishopric of Salisbury. Towards the close of 1528 he came over to England to assist Wolsey with regard to Henry s con templated divorce from Katherine. He failed to accomplish anything, and left in the following year. The bishopric of Salisbury was withdrawn from him, and though at a later date (1536) it seemed possible that he might regain it, his expectations were disappointed. He died at Rome in 1539, just as he was about to set out on an embassy to Vicenza.
CAMPER, Peter (1722-1789), a celebrated anatomist and naturalist, was born at Leyden, May 11, 1722. He was educated at the university of Leyden, and in 1746 graduated in philosophy and medicine. After the death of his father in 1748 he spent more than a year in England, studying under the most famous medical teachers in London. He then visited Paris, Lyons, and Geneva, and returned to Franeker, where he had been appointed to the professorship of philosophy, medicine, and surgery. He visited England a second time in 1752, and in 1755 he was called to the chair of anatomy and surgery at the Athenaeum in Amsterdam. He resigned this post after six years, and retired to his country house near Franeker, in order uninterruptedly to carry on his studies. In 1763, however, he accepted the professorship of medicine, surgery, and anatomy at Groningen, and continued in the chair for ten years. He then returned to Franeker, and after the death of his wife in 1776 spent some time in travelling. He made the acquaintance of Diderot and Marmontel at Paris, and was received with great respect by Frederick the Great at Potsdam. In 1762 he had been returned as one of the deputies in the assembly of the province of Friesland, and the latter years of his life were much occupied with political affairs. In 1783 he was nominated to a seat in the council of state, and took up his residence at the Hague. His death (7th April 1789) was caused by a violent pleurisy, the effects of which were accelerated by political excitement. Camper s works, mainly memoirs and detached papers, are very numerous ; the most impor tant of those bearing on comparative anatomy were pub lished in 3 vols. at Paris in 1803, under the title (Euvres de P. Camper qid ont pour objtt VIHstoire Naturelle, la Physiologie, et VAnatomie Comparee.
tough waxy structure, with a specific gravity about equal to that of water, melting at 347 Fahr. and boiling at
400. It volatilizes readily at ordinary temperatures,
