from the summit of which a splendid view of the city and surrounding country is obtained, and the marble saloon, in which the meridian of Cassiui was fixed or drawn. In front of the palace is the Great Circle, a semi-circular line of buildings, containing the Government offices and the palace of the margraves of Badsn. Carlsruhe has several fine public squares, the principal of which are the Castle- place with Schwanthaler s statue of the late grand duke Charles Frederick in the centre and the market-place. In the centre of the latter is a pyramid in honour of Charles William, the founder of the city, whose remains are interred there. Among the public buildings are the council-house, the palace of the margrave of Baden, hall of representatives, mint, post-office, barracks, arsenal, theatre, hall of fine arts, museum, the famed polytechnic school (with 800 students), cannon foundry, a synagogue, and several Protestant and Catholic churches. There are also several hospitals, a deaf- mute asylum, botanic gardens, and lyceum ; military, medical, and veterinary schools, academies of architecture, painting, and music, and numerous literary and scientific associations. The town is adorned with several public fountains, and is supplied with water by an aqueduct from Durlach. Carlsruhe carries on a considerable trade, and has engineering, carriage, chemical, silk, cotton, carpet, woollen, jewellery, tobacco, and snuff manufactories. The town is surrounded by beautiful parks and gardens. Population
(1875), 43,000. Lat. 49 1 N., long. 8 25 E.CARLSTAD, a province or laen of Sweden, also called Wermland s Laen. It is bounded W. and N,W. by Norway, N.E. by Falun, E. by Obevo, and S. by Wenersborg and Lake Wener. The surface is mountainous and wooded, and is interspersed with numerous lakes and rivers. The pro- vincs contains 300 iron mines, 80 foundries, and 300 forges. The neighbourhood of Fyrksdalen is called the Swedish Switzsrland. The principal towns are Carlstad, Cristens- hamn, and Philipstad. Population in 1873, 263,037.
Carlstad, the capital of the above province, stands on the island of Tingvalla, at the mouth of the Clara-Elf, on the north shore of Lake Wener. One of two bridges con necting it with the mainland is the longest and most beautiful stone-bridge in Sweden. The town is the seat of a bishop, and has a handsome cathedral, a gymnasium, a theatre, a cabinet of natural history, and an agricultural society. The Gotha canal has considerably increased its commerce. Carlstad exports copper, iron, salt, timber, &c. It was founded by Charles IX., from whom it takes its name. Population in 1874, 7412.
CARLSTADT, a royal free city of Austrian Croatia, in the comitat of Agram, the capital of the district of the same name, stands on the Kulpa, which here receives the Korana and the Dobra, 32 miles south-west of Agram. It consists of the fortress (which is surrounded by ramparts, trenches, and palisades), the inner town, and a suburb. Carlstadt is the seat of a Greek bishop, and five Catholic churches, a Catholic gymnasium, and many handsome public buildings. It has a considerable transit trade, and manufactures the liqueur called rosoglio. It is situated in 45 27 N. lat. and 15 D 36 E. long. Population (1871), 5515.
CARLSTADT (Karlstadt), a district of Bavaria, in Lower Franconia, containing 29,014 inhabitants. The capital, of the same name, which is situated on the right bank of the Paver Main, has a population of 2240.
CARLSTADT, Karlstadt, or Karolostadt (1480- 1541), whose real name was Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein, one of the boldest of the German Reformers, first the friend and afterwards the opponent of Martin Luther, was born at Carlstadt in Franconia, in 1480, thus being by three years Luther s senior. In early life he was dis tinguished by a thirst for knowledge, and a restless dis position which led him to visit various countries and to pass from school to school. He went to Rome, and there plunged into the scholastic philosophy and theology ; and having obtained the degree of bachelor of divinity, he arrived, in 1504, at Wittenberg. Here he was appointed professor at the university, first in the philosophical faculty, and ultimately (in 1513) in the theological. After obtain ing his degree of doctor in theology in 1510, he held a canonry and was chosen archdeacon. In 1511 he was appointed dean or rector of the university; and in the following year it fell to his lot to confer the degree of doctor on Luther. At this time their friendship appears to have begun. Carlstadt had already attained a high reputation for learning, eloquence, and logical power. For the purpose of studying the canon law he went a second time to Rome in 1515, returning to Wittenberg in the following year. In the storm of persecution which raged against Reuchlin, Carlstadt took the part of the persecuted scholar. He also adopted about this time the views of Luther ; and in April 1517 he published a series of theses in which he asserted that the authority of Holy Scripture was above that of the fathers of the church, and that in the absence of Scripture decision an appeal must be made from the fathers to reason. It was at the end of October in the same year that Luther affixed his theses to the church door at Wittenberg, and Carlstadt strenuously supported him. In 1519 he undertook to hold a disputation with Dr Eck, one of the greatest scholars of the age, on grace and free will. It took place at Leipsic in June, at the very time when the diet was sitting at Frankfort for the election of the emperor. Carlstadt as debater was not able to cope with Eck ; and the discussions were tedious and almost fruitless. In the Papal bull against Luther, promulgated in 1520, Carlstadt was par ticularly named and condemned ; and he was the first to appeal from the judgment of the Pope to a general council.
Denmark to teach the doctrines of the Reformation in that kingdom, but he made a very short stay there. Differences of opinion and petty jealousies were beginning to spring up between Luther and Carlstadt ; and these ripened into bitter discussion and open hostility. Caiistadt s impetuous temper led him to become the advocate of violent measures for the attainment of those ends which Luther and the other Reformers hoped to compass by persuasion. In con sequence of the riotous agitation stirred up in Wittenberg by his speeches, writings, and manner of procedure during Luther s confinement in the Wartburg, Luther declared openly against him. For the next two years he remained quiet. But in 1523, being compelled to leave Wittenberg, he retired to Orlamiinde in Thuringia, and there got him self elected pastor by the people. His violent proceedings favoured the suspicion that he was associated with the Anabaptists, and was implicated in the schemes of Miinzer, leader of the great peasant revolt. The elector of Saxony sent Luther to investigate the true state of things; and when Luther preached against Carlstadt at Jena they held a discussion on the " Heal Presence," which Carlstadt was the first to deny, and an open quarrel broke out between them. He was now ordered to leave the territories of the elector. For some time he wandered about from place to place, and at Rotenburg excited fresh tumults and instigated the people to destroy the images and pictures in the churches. Pursued as a promoter of the peasant insurrec tion, he was driven to strange shifts, and exposed to great hardships, his life even being in danger. In his extremity he wrote to Luther, offering to prove his innocence, and entreating him to intercede for him with the elector, and get permission for him to return to Saxony. Luther listened to him, printed his defence, and succeeded in
inducing the elector to comply with his request. For
