pastor to a Nonconformist congregation at Chesliunt. Dur ing 1682 he was in Holland, but in the following year he was again in London, and was implicated in the Rye House Plot. On its discovery he was examined before the Scottish Council ; but, though the torture of the thumb-screw was applied, he refused to utter a word till he was assured that his admissions would not be used in evidence, and in the disclosures he then made he displayed great discretion. On his return to Holland he was rewarded by William s still warmer friendship, and the post of court chaplain ; and after the Revolution he continued to hold this office, under the title of royal chaplain for Scotland. He was the con fidential adviser of the king, especially with regard to the affairs of his native country, and rendered important service
to Presbyterianism, in promoting the Revolution Settlement.At the accession of Anne, Carstares retained his post as royal chaplain, but resided in Edinburgh, having been elected principal of the University. He was also minister of Greyfriars, and afterwards of St Giles, and was four times chosen moderator of the General Assembly. He took an important part, too, in promoting the Union, and was consulted by Harley and other leading Englishmen concerning it. During Anne s reign, the chief object of his policy was to frustrate the measures which were planned by Lord Oxford to strengthen the Episcopalian Jacobites, especially a Bill for extending the privileges of the Episco palians, and the Bill for replacing in the hands of the old patrons the right of patronage, which by the Revolution Settlement had been vested in the elders and the Protestant heritors.
On the accession of George I. Carstares was appointed, with five others, to welcome the new dynasty in the name of the Scottish Church. He was received graciously and with hearty thanks for his services, and the office of royal chaplain was again conferred upon him. A few months after he was struck with apoplexy, and died on the 28th of December 1715.
See Stale-papers and Letters addressed to William Carstares, to which is prefixed a Life by M Cormick, 1774 ; and Story s Character and Career of William Carstares, 1874.
CARTAGENA, or Carthagena, a fortified seaport of Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, in the province of Murcia, and 29 miles S. by E. of the town of that name, in 37 36 N. lat. and 1 W. long. The town stands on a hill separated by a little plain from the harbour ; towards the N. and E. it communicates with a fertile valley ; on the S. and W. it is hemmed in by high mountains. The harbour, the finest on the eastern coast of Spain, is fringed by four hills ; and the island called La Escombrera, the ancient Scombraria, 2^ miles from the narrow entrance, shelters it from the violence of wind and waves. The harbour is heart-shaped and deep, except near its centre, where there is a ledge of rocks only 5 feet under water. On the eastern side is a breakwater 842 yards in length. A tramway leads from the port to the centre of the mining district, a distance of about two leagues. The streets of the town are spacious, but not imposing ; and the friability of the stone gives the houses a dilapidated look. The barracks, arsenal, wet and dry docks, marine school, parade, rope-walks, and the fortifications, are all in a neglected con dition. The mines near the town are very productive, and thousands of men and beasts are employed in trans porting ores of lead, iron, copper, zinc, and sulphur to the coast. In 1871 there were 150 blast-furnaces and 76 smelting furnaces at work. The profits vary according to the prices of English coal and coke. Among other mineral products of Cartagena may be mentioned gypsum, saltpetre, amethysts, and rubies. Barley and wheat are grown in fair quantity, and there are some extensive vineyards and olive yards. Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissimd), a species of rush, now much used in paper manufacture, is largely grown in the neighbourhood. It is the spartum, or Spanish broom, of the ancient Romans, whence their name for Cartagena, Carthago Spartaria. It is still used locally for making shoes, ship s cables, mats, and a kind of spun cloth. Barilla, earthenware, glass, and silk are also among the manu factures of Cartagena. The former prevalence of fever, the abandonment of the arsenal, and the prosperity of the neighbouring port of Alicante have much affected the trade of the town during this century ; the rail-road communica tion which now exists with Murcia promises, however, to bring about a revival of its commerce. The imports are chiefly coal and coke from Wales and the north of England. The principal exports are esparto grass and metallic ores ; 195,000 tons of the latter were shipped in 1872, almost wholly to Great Britain. The British vessels cleared in 1872 were 244, tonnage 113,015. Of foreign vessels 413 were cleared, tonnage 184,933. The sanitary condition of the town is now greatly improved, as the Almajar Marsh, which formerly caused much intermittent fever, has been drained. The drinking-water of Cartagena is not good ; house-rent and food, with the exception of -bread-stuffs, are dear; and there are many paupers and mendicants, to whom no public relief is afforded. The population in 1872 was estimated at 26,000, exclusive of the miners and the labourers in the works of the port.
Cartagena was founded about the year 243 B.C. by IIasdrubal,aml was called Cartilage Nova or New Carthage, to distinguish it from the African city of Carthage. It was conveniently situated opposite to the Carthaginian territory in Africa, and was early noted for its harbour, the best on the neighbouring coast of Spain. Its silver and gold mines were the source of great wealth both to the Carthaginians and to the Romans. In 210 B.C. this important place, the head quarters and treasure city of the Punic army, was stormed and taken with great slaughter by P. Scipio. The city continued to flourish under the Romans, who made it a colony, with the name Colonia Victrix Julia Nova Carthago. In 425 A.D. it was pillaged and nearly destroyed by the Goths. The modern Cartagena was a bishopric till the year ]219, when the see was removed to Murcia. It was re built by Philip II. of Spain, for the sake of its harbour. In 1706, in the war of the Spanish Succession, it was occupied by Sir John Leake ; and in the next year it was retaken by the duke of Berwick. On the 5th November 1823 the town capitulated to the French. In consequence of the insurrection in Spain, Cartagena was in 1844 again the scene of warfare. On the 23d August 1873 it was bombarded by the Spanish fleet under Admiral Lobos ; on the llth October a battle took place off the town, between the ships of the Govern ment and the Intransigentes, and on the 12th January 1874 Carta gena was occupied by the Government troops.
northern coast of South America, in the United States of Colombia, in 10 25 48" lat. and 75 34 W. long. It is situated on a low sandy island, which, with the island south of it, Tierra Bomba, forms the harbour of Cartagena. To the east of the town, and connected with it and the mainland by bridges, is the suburb of Xiximani, on another island. The houses of Cartagena are of stone, with lattices and balconies of wood, and are regularly built, but mostly only one story high. The streets are well-paved, but dark and narrow ; arrangements have lately been made for light ing them by petroleum gas. The principal buildings are the fortresses, some convents and churches, and the public hospitals. The town possesses a park and a theatre. The large cisterns in the walls contain a supply of excellent water. The mean temperature of Cartagena is about 83 Fahr. In the summer the heat is excessive, and yellow fever often commits great ravages ; leprosy, also, is not unfrequent. The harbour, which is second to none on the north coast of South America, covers 40,000 acres ; it affords complete security to ships in all weathers, and great facilities for loading and unloading. It is divided into three sections, Boca Grande and Pascaballos, and the Caldera, which have a depth of about 1 5 fathoms ; and
Boca Chica, which is deeper. Tho entrance to Boca Chica
