which had been left to the HeUingfors University. The Sarnoyedic Grammar (1851), a Samoyede Vocabulary (1855), a Tungusian Dictionary (1856), and studies on the Buriatic (1857), the Koibalic and Karagassic (1857), and the
Yenisei Ostiak and Kottian dialects have been published.CASTRENSIS, Paulus, a distinguished professor of civil and canon law, who studied under Baldus at Perugia, and was a fellow pupil with Cardinal Zabarella. He was admitted to the degree of doctor of civil law in the university of Avignon. It is unc3rtain when he first undertook the duties of a professorial chair. A tradition, which has been handed down by Panzirolus, represents him to have taught law during a period of fifty-seven years. He was professor at Vienna in 1390, at Avignon in 139i, and at Padua in 1429 ; and he filled at different periods a professorial chair at Florence, at Bologna, and at Perugia, but at what precise periods is not known. He was for some time the vicar-general of Cardinal Zabarella at Florence, and his eminence as a teacher of canon law may ba inferred from the language of one of his pupils, who styles him "famosissimus juris utriusque monarca." His moat complete treatise is his readings on the Digest, and it appears from a passage in his readings on the Digestum Veins that ha delivered them at a time when he had been actively engaged for forty-five years as a teacher of civil law. His death is generally assigned to 1436, but it appears from an entry in a MS. of the Digestum Vetus, which is extant at Munich, made by the hand of one of his pupils, who styles him " praeceptor meus," that he died on the 20th July 1441.
CASTRES, the chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Tarn, France, 23 miles south-east of Alby, stands in a pleasant and fertile valley, on both sides of the Agout, here crossed by two bridges. The town is ill built, and the streets are narrow and crooked ; but it has been much improved during the present century. The principal buildings are the town-hall, formerly the episcopal palace, which was builb by Mansart, the churches of St Benoit (dating from the 17th century) and Notre Dame de la Plate 1 , a modern courthouse, two hospitals, barracks, a theatre, and an exchange. It is the seat of tribunals of primary instance and commerce, and of a Protestant consistory. Castres is celebrated for its manufactures, among which are woollen, linen, silk, and cotton stuffs, soap, leather, paper, and iron and copper wares. It has also a considerable trade. Dacier, Rapin, and Sabatier were natives of the town. Castres grew up round a Benedictine abbey, which is believed to have been founded in the 9th century. It was a place of considerable importance as early as the 12th century, and ranked as the second town of the Albigenses, During the Albigensian crusade it surrendered of its own accord to Simon de Montfort ; and in 1356 it was raised to a countship by King John. On the confiscation of the possessions of the D Armagnac family, to which it had passed, it was bestowed by Louis XI. on Boffilo del Giudice, but the appointment led to so nuch disagreement that the countship was united to the crown by Francis I. in 1519. In the wars of the latter part of the 16th century the inhabitants sided with the Protestant party, fortified the town, and established an independent republic. They were brought to terms, however, by Louis XIII., and forced to dismantle their fortifications ; and the town was made the seat of the chambre de tedit, or chamber for the investiga tion of the affairs of the Protestants, afterwards transferred to Castelnaudary (in 1679). The bishopric of Castres, which had been erected by John XXII. in 1317 was abolished at the Revolution. Population in 1872, 18,177 in the town, and 23,461 in the commune.
CASTRO, a seaport town of Italy, in the province of Otranto, and 10 miles south-west of the city of that name. It is the seat of a bishopric, and has an old castle and a cathedral. Some export trade is carried on in corn, wine, and fish ; but the harbour is accessible only to small vessels. The town is supposed to be the same with the Castru.ni Minervce of the Romans, which possessed an ancient temple of the goddess whose name it bore, and was described by Virgil as the first place in Italy seen by his hero JSneas.
CASTRO DEL RIO EL REAL, a town of Spain in the province of Cordova. It is situated near the River Guadajocillo, about 16 miles south-east from Cordova, and contains several churches, schools, and hospitals, a hand some town-house, and a prison. Its population is about 9000, and the great majority are employed in agricultural pursuits. Its commerce is confined to the exportation of grain and oil, and its industry to coarse manufactures for domestic purposes.
CASTRO GIOVANNI, the ancient Enna, a town of Sicily, in the province of Caltanisetta, about a quarter of a mile south of Caltascibetta, which is situited on the railway between Catania and Girgenti. It lies almost in the centre of the island, and occupies a well-nigh impreg nable position on the irregular but spacious summit of a hill which rises in precipitous cliffs to a height of 2790 fecli. The town is in general in rather a dilapidated condition, but possesses a number of good ecclesiastical buildings. On the highest point of the hill-top stands the castle, built by Frederic II. of Aragon, probably on the site of the ancient temple of Ceres, which formed the boast of early Sicilians. The town is said by Stephanus of Byzantium to have been founded by Syracuse in the 7th century B.C. ; but it first appears in history as a Siculian city. It fell into the hands of Dionysius of Syracuse in 403 ; and it was afterwards subject to Agathocles. In 309 it was one of the first cities to join the Agrigentines in the war of liberation. During the first Punic war it was held for some time by the Carthaginians, and subsequently betrayed to the Romans ; and during the second it was delivered to massacre and plunder by the Roman governor Pinarius, who feared a revolt of the citizens. As headquarters of the insurrection of the slaves from 134 to 132 B.C., it defied the consul Rupilius till treachery came to his aid. From the spoliations of Verres it suffered severely, and its import ance gradually diminished under the empire. In 837 the Saracens made a vain attempt to take it by storm ; but in 859 it was betrayed into the hands of Abbas ibn Fahdl. In 1080 the Normans entered into possession, and the proof of their occupation is still to be found not only in the remains of their buildings but also in the light hair and blue eyes of many of the present inhabitants. Of Roman architecture there are few remains, and the identification of the ancient site assigned to the myth of the Rape of Proserpine rests on very uncertain evidence. The present form of the name Castro Giovanni appears to have arisen simply from an erroneous interpretation of the Sicilian Castro Janni, which is really nothing more than Castrum Ennae, Population, about 14,000.
CASTRO NUOVO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Palermo, 25 miles north of Girgenti. In the vicinity there are extensive quarries of coloured marble, which have been worked since the time of the Romans. Population, 4300.
CASTRO REALE, a city of the province of Messina, in the Island of Sicily, situated on a triangular and rocky mountain about 11 miles south of Milazzo. The climate is salubrious ; and excellent wine and oil are produced in the district. Population, about 7700.
province of Santander, well known to sailors for the shelter which it affords from storms in the Bay of Biscay. It was
destroyed by General Foy in 1813, but has been rebuilt,
