clan Renouvier, in some respects resembles that of Ulrici. To him the primitive fact is Relation, of which all the cate gories are but forms. " The categories," he says, " are the primary and irreducible laws of knowledge, the fundamen tal relations which determine its form and regulate _its movements." His table and his criticism of the Kantian
theory are both of interest.[1]The criticism of Kant s categories by Cousin and his own attempted classification are of no importance. Of more interest to us, though not of much more value, is the elaborate table drawn out by Sir W. Hamilton.[2] The generalized category of the Conditioned has but little meaning, and the subordinate categories evolve them selves by no principle, but are arranged after a formal and quite arbitrary manner. They are never brought into connection with thought itself, nor could they be shown to spring from its nature and relations.
J. S. Mill has presented, " as a substitute for the abortive classification of Existences, termed the categories of Aris totle," the following as an enumeration of all nameable things : (1) Feelings, or states of consciousness ; (2) The minds which experience these feelings; (3) Bodies, or external objects which excite certain of those feelings ; (4) Successions and co-existences, likenesses and unlikenesses, between feelings or states of consciousness.[3] This classi fication proceeds on a quite peculiar view of the categories, and is only presented here for the sake of completeness.
Trendelenburg, Cfeschichte der Kategorienlehre, 1846 ; Ragnisco. Storia critica delle Categoric, 2 vols. 1871. For Aristotle s doc trine the most important, in addition to Brandis, Zeller, and the above, are Bonitz, Sitzungsber. d. kon. Akad. d. IVisscn., Wien, 1853, pp. 591-645 ; Prantl, Ges. d. Logik, i. ; and Brentano, Bedeutung des Seienden nach Aristoteles, 1862. See also Schuppc, Die Katryoricn des Aristolelcs, 1866; Grate s Aristotle, i. ; and the translations of the Categorice by Maimon, 1794, and Heydenreich, 1835.
CATERPILLAR. See Butterflies, vol. iv. p. 593.
CATGUT is the name applied to cord of great toughness and tenacity prepared from the intestines of sheep. It is used for the strings of harps and violins, as well as other stringed musical instruments, for hanging the weights of clocks, for bow-strings, and many other purposes where toughness, flexibility, and durability are required. To prepare catgut the intestines are cleaned, freed from fat, and steeped for some time in water, after which their external membrane is scraped off with the back of a knife or other blunt tool. They are then steeped for some time in an alkaline ley, smoothed and equalized by drawing out, bleached with sulphuric fumes, if necessary dyed, sorted into sizes, and twisted together into cords of various numbers of strands according to their uses. The best strings for musical instruments are imported from Naples ; and it is found that lean and ill-fed animals yield the toughest gut.
CATHAY. See China.
CATHCART, Sir George (1794-1854), British general, was born in London, May 12, 1794. He was the third eon of the first Earl Cathcart, a distinguished general and diplomatist, commander-in-chief of the expedition to Copenhagen in 1807, and afterwards ambassador to Stockholm and St Petersburg. He received his early education at Eton College, and passed thence to the university of Edinburgh. In 1810 he entered the army, and two years later accompanied his father as aide-de-camp to Russia. With him he joined the Russian headquarters in March 1813 ; and he was present at all the great battles of the campaigns of that year in Germany, and of the following year in France, and also at the taking of Paris. The fruits of his careful observation and critical study of these operations appeared in the Commentaries which he published in 1850, a volume of plain soldier-like history, prepared from notes made during the campaigns. After the peace of 1814 he accompanied his father to the Con gress of Vienna ; and while in that city he was appointed (March 1815) extra aide-de-camp to the duke of Wellington. He was present at Quatre-Bras and at Waterloo, was named full aide-de-camp to the duke, and remained in his staff till the army of occupation quitted France. Re- appointed almost immediately, he accompanied the duke to the Congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle and Verona, and in 1826 to Prussia. Promoted lieutenant-colonel in 1828, he served in Nova Scotia, Bermuda, and Jamaica, retiring on half- pay in 1834. After three years he was recalled to active service, and was sent as commander of the King s Dragoon Guards to Canada, where he played an important part in suppressing the rebellion and pacifying the country. In 1844 he returned to England and again retired. Two years later he was appointed deputy-lieutenant of the Tower, and this post he held till 1852. In that year he was offered the governorship and command at the Cape. This he accepted, and had the merit of bringing to a close the Kaffre War. In December 1853 he was appointed adjutant-general of the army. In 1854 he was sent to take part as lieutenant-general in the Crimean War, and the highest hopes were fixed on him as a scientific and practically experienced soldier. But these hopes were not to be fulfilled ; for he fell at the battle of Inkermann, November 5, 1854. His remains, with those of other officers, were buried on Cathcart s Hill, Lord Raglan, the commander-in-chief, attending the ceremony. Sir George Cathcart married in 1824 Lady Georgiana Greviile, who survived him, and by whom he had a family of one son and seven daughters. At the time of his death he was a Knight Commander of the Bath.
which the bishop has his official seat or throne, cathedra. The earliest example given of the use of the term Ecclesia Cathedralis is in the Acts of the Council of Tarragona, in 516. Another primitive designation was " Ecclesia mater " or " matrix," indicating the cathedral as the mother church of the diocese. As being the chief house of God, Domus Dei, of the district, it acquired in Germany the name of Domkirche, and in Italy of Duomo, The word " Ecclesia " was gradually dropt, and by the 10th century the adjective " Cathedralis " took rank as a substantive, which it has successfully maintained in most of the modern languages of Europe. The essential distinction between a cathedral and all other churches, viz., that it is the church of the bishop, containing his throne of office, or bishops stool, as our Saxon forefathers termed it, is thus well expressed by Hooker (Eccl. Polit., vii. 8, 3), "To note a difference of that one church where the bishop hath his seat, and the rest which depend upon it, that one hath been usually termed cathedral, according to the same sense wherein Ignatius, speaking of the Church of Antioch, termeth it his throne ; and Cyprian, making mention of Evaristus, who had been bishop and was now deposed, termeth him cathedrae extorrem, one that was thrust besides his chair. The church where the bishop is set with his college of presbyters about him we call a see; the local compass of his authority we term a diocese." A bishop s see is, strictly speaking, a bishop s seat (sedes, siege}, or cathedra, and is only in a secondary sense applied to the church in which that seat is placed, and the city in which that church stands. From this it follows that a church
may lose its cathedral rank by the transference of the
