(Voyage autour du Caucase, 5 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1839-43) labours under the same defect. It was not, indeed, till after the complete subjugation or pacification of the mountain tribes by Eussia that it was possible to carry on any systematic examination of the interior recesses of the great chain, and the foundation of a scientific know ledge of the Caucasus was first laid by the construction of the trigo nometrical survey under General Chodzko from 1847 to 1863, and the publication of the map resulting from their labours on the scale of 5 versts to an inch. Recent travellers have indeed found that the portions of this work relating to the highest ranges of the Cen tral Caucasus are often imperfect or erroneous ; but the same was the case with the best maps of the Alps until very lately, and if our knowledge of the great Caucasian chain is still far inferior to that which we now possess of the principal European ranges, it is immeasurably in advance of that which we have attained concerning any other Asiatic mountains, except those parts of the Himalaya which have been surveyed by English engineers. Among recent writers the one who has contributed the most valuable information is A. Petzholdt, whose work (Der Kaukasus, 2 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1866) is the most useful book on the subject as yet published. The works of Dr Radde also supply valuable materials of a more special and detailed character. The more recent work of Baron Thielmann ( Travels in the Caucasus, Persia, and Turkey in Asia, translated into English and published by Murray in 2 vols. 8vo, 1875) also contains much useful matter in a compendious and convenient form. Mr Freshfield s Journey in the Central Caucasus and Bashan (8vo, Lond., 1869) is not merely a record of his personal experiences, but an important contribution to our knowledge of the highest regions of the central chain, which he was the first to explore. His example lias been already followed by Mr Grove, who has described some portions of the mountains not visited by Mr Freshfield ( The Frosty Caucasus, 8vo, Lond., 1875), and there can be little doubt that suc cessive explorers of a similar stamp will soon make us acquainted with the inmost recesses of the Central Caucasus.
CAUDETE, a town of Spain, in the province of Albacete, about 80 miles north of Cartagena. It was for merly fortified, and contains a town-house, a prison, a school of primary instruction, a Carmelite convent, and several other religious institutions. The inhabitants are engaged almost exclusively in agriculture and the manufacture of coarse fabrics for home consumption. Population, 6500.
CAUDINE FORKS (Furculce Caudince), the name of an Italian valley, famous in Roman history on account of the disaster which there befell the Roman army during the second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. Livy describes the pass as an open space, grassy, and well-watered, completely surrounded by lofty and thickly-wooded mountains, except where a passage is affordsd by two narrow gorges, situated opposite to one another (bk. ix. c. 2). It has been usually identified with the Yal d Arpaja, which is on the highroad between Beneventum and Capua ; and confirmation is found in the facts that this valley was known as the Caudine, and that close by there existed a village called Furculae (now Forchia). But there is the almost conclusive objection that this valley does not answer to the above description (which is the only sufficient one which we possess), being surrounded by no mountains of any eleva tion, and having many outlets. A much more probable theory is that which declares it to be the little valley between Sta Agata and Moirano, through which flows the small stream of the Isclero ; and which, as it meets the Val d Arpaja near Caudjiim, would have an equal right to the name of Caudine Forks.
CAVA, or La Cava, a town of Italy in the province of Principato Citreriore, 28 miles by rail south-east of Naples, with a communal population of 19,500. It is the seat of a bishopric, has a cathedral and a diocesan seminary, and carries on the manufacture of silk, cotton, and woollen stuffs. In the vicinity is the famous Benedictine abbey of La Trinita della Cava, which was founded in the 1 1 th century, and almost rivals Monte Casino in the number and value of its literary treasures. Its archives contain about 40,000 separate documents of parchment, and more than 60,000 manuscripts on paper, of which a complete inventory is being published by Don Michele Morcaldi under the title of Codex Diplomaticus Cavensis. The library, in spite of losses sustained within the last two centuries, still preserves a number of rich and valuable manuscripts, and a collection of early specimens of typography. Among these may be mentioned the Codex Legum Longobardorum, which dates from the beginning of the llth century ; a MS. copy of the Vulgate of the 8th, an Isidorus of the 9th, and a prayer- book illustrated with miniatures ascribed to Fra Angelico da Fiesole. (See Dantier s Monast. Benedict, d Italia, and two articles in Academy, vol. viii. pp. 262 and 364, 1875.)
at Paris during the insurrection of June 1848, was born there in 1802. His father was a member of the National Convention, and the family was marked by republican proclivities. After going through the usual course of study for the military profession, he entered the army in 1824, and served in the Morea in 1828. When the revolution of 1830 broke out, he was stationed at Arras, and was the first officer of his regiment to declare for the new order of things. In 1831 he incurred the displeasure of the Government of Louis Philippe by joining in a protest against its reactionary tendencies; but in 1832 he was recalled to the service, and sent to Algeria. This con tinued to be the main sphere of his activity for sixteen years, till the revolution of 1848; and he took an active part, though in a subordinate capacity, in the different sieges and campaigns by which Algeria was gradually reduced under French rule. After passing through almost all the successive grades in the army, he was, in 1844, raised to the rank of general of brigade, as a reward for his skill and courage. When the revolution of February (1848) took place, the Provisional Government appointed him governor-general of Algeria ; and they shortly after offered him the post of minister at war, which he declined. On his election to the National Assembly, however, Cavaignac returned to Paris. When he arrived on the 17th May, he found the capital in an extremely critical state. The social ists of Paris, incited and organized by skilful leaders, were in a state of bitter hostility to the National Assembly, and a formidable insurrection was gradually maturing. The National Assembly had proved a bitter disappointment to them ; for the peasant proprietors, terrified by the vast increase of taxation, and the general uncertainty of revolu tion, had returned a decidedly conservative majority. Several collisions had already taken place. The crisis was at last brought about by the threatened abolition of the national workshops (ateliers nationaux), which the reason able majority of the Assembly was especially anxious for, as the finances were being ruined by the maintenance in utter idleness of 120,000 men. By the 22d of June a formidable insurrection had been organized, and it remained only for the National Assembly to assert its authority by force of arms. Cavaignac, first as minister at war, and then as dictator, was called to the task of suppressing the revolt. It was no light task, as the national guard was doubtful, regular troops were not at hand in sufficient numbers, and the insurgents had abundant time to prepare them selves. Variously estimated at from 30,000 to 60,000 men, well armed and well organized, they occupied the north-eastern part of the city, their front line stretching from the Pantheon on the south of the Seine by the Pont St Michel to the Portes St Martin and St Denis. Resting on the Faubourg St Antoine as central point, and threaten ing the Hotel de Ville, they had entrenched themselves at every step behind formidable barricades, and were ready to avail themselves of every advantage that ferocity and despair could suggest to them. Cavaignac, knowing the work he had before him, remained inactive, notwithstand ing the urgent representations of the eivil members of Government, till a sufficient regular force had been collected.
At last, by a strong combined movement on the two flanks
