and in the ruins of Ho man cities. As the tide of war rolled to the west, the English tongue and, until towards the close of the struggle, the worship of Thor and Odin supplanted the British tongue aud the Christian faith, and a rude barbarism replaced what was left of the Roman civilization in the island. It is to this period that relics of this kind in the caves must be assigned. They are traces of the anarchy of those times, and complete the picture of the desolation of Britain, revealed by the ashes of the cities and villas that were burnt by the invader. They prove that the vivid account given by Gildas of the straits to which his countrymen were reduced were literally true. The historic caves of the Continent have not as yet been
explored.
Authorities.—I.Britain. Boyd Dawkins, Cavehunting, 1874; Falconer, Palceontographical Memoirs, edited by Busk and Murchison, 2 vols. ; Buckland, Reliquiae, Diluviance, 1821 ; Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1860-1875; Journ. Anthrop. Iiist.,187Q-6; Quart. Geol. Journ., 1860- 75 ; Pengelly, Trans. Devonshire Association. 2. The Continent. Lartet and Christv, Reliquiae Aquitanicce ; Internal. Congress of Prehistoric Archaeology; Marcel de Serres, Les Ossemcns Fossilcs d<e Lunel Viel ; Dupoiit, L Homme pendant les Ages de la Pierre dans Us Environs de Dinant-sur-Mcuse ; Schmerling, Rccherchcs sur les Ossemens Fossilcs decouvcrts dans les Caverns de Liege ; Merk, Exca vations at Kesscrloch, transl. J. E. Lee, 1876.
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CAVE, Edward (1691-1754), an English printer, was born at Newton in Warwickshire, in 1691. He was placed by his father, who was a shoemaker at Rugby, at the famous school of that town, but being accused of robbing the hen-roost, he was forced to leave. He became clerk to a collector of the excise ; but the drudgery and insolence to which he was subjected by his master s wife caused him to try his fortunes in London, and after having been engaged for soma time by a timber-merchant, he was finally bound apprentice in the printing-office of Mr Collins. In two years he attained so much skill in his art, that he was sent to conduct a printing-house at Norwich, and publish a weekly paper. In this undertaking he met with some opposition, which produced a public controversy, and procured young Cave the reputation of a writer. The only work of any size, however, which he left was An Account of the Criminals. He held for a short time the office of clerk of the franks, but his rigour in checking abuses soon caused his dismissal. He now embarked the capital which he had acquired in the publication of the Gentleman s Magazine, a periodical which procured a fortune for the projector, and survived almost all its competitors. It is as the founder of this magazine, and as the first to give literary employment to Samuel Johnson, that Cave s name has been remembered. He died on the 10th January 1754. Dr Samuel Johnson wrote a short biography of Cave.
CAVE, Dr William (1G37-1713), an English divine, was born at Pickwell in Leicestershire. He was educated at St John s College, Cambridge, and became successively minister of Hasely in Oxfordshire, of All-Hallows the Great of Islington in London, and of Isleworth in Middlesex. He was chaplain to Charles II., and in 1684 was installed as a canon of Windsor. The two works on which his reputation principally rests are the Apostolici, or History of Apostles and Fathers in the three first centuries of the church (1677), and Scriptorum Ecdesiasticorum Historia Literaria (1688). The best edition of the latter is the Clarendon Press, 1740-3, which contains additions by the author and others. In both works he was drawn into controversy with Leclerc, who was then writing his Bibliotheque Unive)-selle, and who accused him of partiality.
Besides these, he wrote Primitive Christianity, or Religion of the Ancient Christians, &c.; Tabulae Ecclesiasticcc; Antiquitates Apos- tclicce; A Dissertation concerning the Government of the Ancient Church, <c. ; Ecclesiastici, or History of the Fathers of the 4th cen tury ; and a -work entitled Chartophylax Ecclesiasticus, which is an abridgment of the Historia Literaria.
CAVEDONE, Jacopo (1577-1660), an Italian painter, born at Sassuolo in the Modenese, was educated in the school of the Caracci, and under them painted in the churches of Bologna. His principal works are the Adora tion of the Magi, the Four Doctors, and the Last Supper ; and more especially the Virgin and Child in Glory, with San Petronio and other saints, painted in 1614, and now in the Bolognese Academy. Cavedone became an assistant to Guido in Rome ; his art was generally of a subdued undemonstrative character, with rich Titianesque colouring. In his declining years his energies broke down after the death of a cherished son ; and he died in extreme poverty, in a stable in Bologna.
CAVENDISH, Henry (1731-1810), a chemist and natural philosopher, was the son of Lord Charles Cavendish, brother of the third duke of Devonshire, and of Lady Anne Grey, daughter of the duke of Kent. He was born at Nice on the 10th October 1731. Little is known about his early education. He was for some time at New- combe s school at Hackney, and afterwards went to Cambridge. Probably his taste for experimental research was mainly acquired from his father, who gave some atten tion to meteorological observations, and whose very accurate determination of the depression of mercury in barometrical tubes has formed the basis of some of the most refined investigations of modern times. The morbid sensibility of his nature, which led him to shrink from society, would also have an influence in determining his choice of a scientific life ; and he was free to follow his bent, as his allowance from his father was amply sufficient for his wants, and a large inheritance left him by one of his uncles put him in possession of abundant means for prosecuting his scientific investigations. In the latter part of his life, indeed, he was not less famed in his country for the great accumulation of his property than for his intellectual and scientific treasures. His merits in science were more generally understood on the Continent ; and he was made, though not till he had passed the age of seventy, one of the eight foreign associates of the Institute of France. He resided principally at Clapham Common, but his library was latterly at his house in Bedford Square ; and after the death of his librarian, he appointed a day on which he attended in person to lend any work to such men of letters as were either personally known to him or recommended by his friends. So methodical was he that he never took down a book for his own use without entering it in the loan book. In 1 760 he became a member of the Royal Society. He was constantly present at the meetings of the society, as well as at the conversations held at the house of the president ; and he dined every Thursday with the club composed of its members. Otherwise he had little intercourse with society, even with his own family. He saw only once a year the person whom he had made his principal heir. His dinner was ordered daily by a note placed on the hall table, and his female domestics had orders to keep out of his sight on pain of dismissal. His person was tall and rather thin ; his dress was singularly uniform, although sometimes a little neglected. He had a slight hesitation in his speech, and an air of timidity and reserve that was almost ludicrous. He died unmarried on the 24th of February 1810, leaving a property in the funds of about 700,000, and a landed estate of 6000 a year. Some of his wannest admirers have expressed regret that no portion of that vast wealth was appropriated to scientific objects.
of the Royal Society, he continued to contribute to the Philosophical Transactions some of the most interesting and important papers that have appeared in that collection ;
in which the precision of experimental demonstration, no
