which consisted in receiving a charge on the left knee, with the spears of the front ranks pointed against the enemy
and the shields resting on the ground.CHADERTON, Laurence (1536-1640), a Puritan divine, was born at Lees Hall, in the parish of Oldham, Lancashire, September 14, 1536, being the second son of Edmund Chaderton, a gentleman of an ancient family, and a zealous Catholic. Under the tuition of Laurence Vaux, a priest, he became an admirable scholar. In 1562 he entered Christ s College, Cambridge, where, after a short time, he formally joined the Established Church, and was, in consequence, disinherited by his father. In 1567 he was elected a fellow of his college, and subsequently he was chosen lecturer of St Clement s Church, Cambridge, where he preached to admiring audiences for many years. So great was his reputation that when Sir Walter Mildmay refounded Emmanuel College in 1584, he chose Chaderton for the first master, and on his expressing some reluctance, declared that if he would not accept the office, the founda tion should not go on. In the beginning of the reign of James I. Chaderton was appointed one of the five divines for managing the cause of the Puritans at the Hampton Court conference ; and he was also one of the translators of the Bible. In 1613 he was created D.D. At this period he made provision for twelve fellows and above forty scholars, in Emmanuel College. Fearing that he might have a successor who held Arminian doctrines, he resigned the mastership in favour of Dr Preston, but survived him, and lived also to see the college presided over successively by Dr Sancroft and Dr Holdsworth. He died November 1540 in the second month of his 105th year, according to his biographer Dr Dillingham. Dr Chaderton published a sermon preached at St Paul s Cross iu 1578, and a treatise of his On Justification was printed by Anthony Thysius, professor of divinity at Leyden. Some other works by him on theological subjects remain in manuscript.
CHÆRONEIA, a Boeotian town situated on the Thermodon, a tributary of the Cephissus, on a plain which was on the borders of Phocis, and was on the natural route for an army invading Boeotia on that side. It is celebrated iu history as the scene of three great battles. Iu the first (447 B.C.) the Athenians were defeated by the Boeotians; in the second (388 B.C.) Philip defeated the confederate forces of the Athenians and Boeotians ; and in the third (86 B c.) Sulla defeated the generals of Mithri- dates. A colossal lion lately excavated near the site of the modern Kapurna marks the grave of the Boeotians who fell in the second of these engagements, and in the village itself are some remains of the ancient citadel, the Petrachus, and a theatre excavated out of the rock on which the citadel was built. Chseroneia was the birthplace of Plutarch.
CHAFFINCH (Fringilla ccelebs), a Conirostral Bird, belonging to the family Fringillidce or Finches, and distin guished, in the male sex, by the deep greyish blue of its crown feathers, the sulphur yellow of its rump, the white of the wing coverts, so disposed as to form two conspic uous bars, and the reddish brown passing into vinous red of the throat and breast. The female is less conspicuous in its colouring than the male, and the young males resemble the females until after the first autumn moult, when they gradually assume the plumage of their sex. The chaffinch breeds early in the season, and its song may often be heard in February. Its nest, which is a model of neatness and symmetry, it builds on trees and bushes, preferring such as are overgrown with moss and lichens. It is chiefly composed of moss and wool, lined internally with grass, wool, feathers, and whatever soft material the locality affords. The outside consists of moss and lichens, and according to Selby, " is always accordant with the par ticular colour of its situation." When built in the neigh bourhood of towns the nest is somewhat slovenly and untidy, being often composed of bits of dirty straw, pieces of paper and blackened moss; in one instance, near Glasgow, the author of the Birds of the West of Scotland found several postage-stamps thus employed. It lays four or five eggs of a pale purplish buff, streaked and spotted with purplish red. In spring the chaffinch is destructive to early flowers, and to young radishes and turnips just as they appear above the surface ; in summer, however, it feeds principally on insects and their larvae, while in autumn and winter its food consists of grain and other seeds. On the Continent of Europe the chaffinch is a favourite songbird, especially in Germany, where a cow has been known to be given iu exchange for one of these birds, and where great attention is paid to its training. Its notes are clear and powerful, and, according to Bechstein, "seem almost to approach to words." The chaffinch is found throughout Europe and Western Asia, and has been observed as far west as the Azores. It is resident all the year in the armer parts of this area, but migrates south ward from Northern Europe on the approach of winter. It was at one time supposed that the females only migrated, and Linnaeus named the species Ccelebs, or " bachelor," in allusion to this alleged desertion of the males by their mates, which, however, does not appear to take place.
CHAGRES, a seaport of Colombia, in the state of Panama, situated on the northern side of the Isthmus of Panama, about 12 miles W.S.W. of Colon or Aspinwall, at the mouth of a river of its own name. Before the opening of the railway between Panama and Aspinwall in 1855 it was a place of very considerable importance ; but it has now sunk into a very decadent and dilapidated condition, and the inhabitants, who are mainly negroes or half-castes, only amount to about 1000. The period of its greatest prosperity coincides with the great emigration from the United States to the Californian gold-fields, and the dis trict on the left side of the river is still known as the American town. The chief facts in its history are it3 destruction by the buccaneers in 1671 and its capture by the English under Admiral Yernon in 1740.
CHALCEDON, or rather Calchedon, an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, called also Procerastis and Colpusa, almost directly opposite Byzan tium, to the south of the present town of Scutari. It was founded by a colony from Megara, on a site so obviously inferior to that which was within their view on the opposite shore, that it received from the oracle the name of "The City of the Blind." In its early history it shared the fortunes of Byzantium, was taken by the satrap Otanes, vacillated long between the Lacedaemonian and the Athenian interest, and at last fell into the hands of the kings of Bithynia, by the last of whom it was bequeathed to the Romans. It was taken and partly destroyed by Mithridates, but it recovered during the empire, and in 451 A.D. was the seat of the Fourth General Council, which condemned the Monophysites. It fell under the repeated attacks of the barbarian hordes, who crossed over after having ravaged Byzantium, and it furnished an encampment to the Persians under Chosroes for about ten years after 616. Its ruin was completed by the Turks, who used it as a quarry from which to draw the building materials for Constantinople. The site is now occupied by the village of Kadi Keui, or " Village of the Judge," which contains a number of fine villas and a large Roman Catholic cathedral At a short distance to the south are the ruins of Panteichon, or, as it is now called, Pandik, where Belisarius is said to have lived in retirement. A plain in the neighbourhood affords camping ground for the caravans after they leave Scutari.
