acquired the right of neutrality, which they retained till 1689. Henry V. confiscated the alien priories which had kept up the same connection with Normandy as before the Conquest, and conferred them along with the regalities of the islands on the duke of Bedford. During the Wars of the Roses, Queen Margaret, the consort of Henry VI. made an agreement with Maulevrier, the seneschal of Normandy, that if he afforded assistance to the king he should hold the islands independently of the Crow n. A force was accordingly sent to take possession of Jersey Castle. Orgueil was captured and a small part of the island subjugated, but the rest held out under Philip de Carteret, and in 1 467 the vice-admiral of England, Sir Eichard Horbiston, recaptured the castle and brought the foreign occupation to an end. By a charter of 1494, the duties of the governors of Jersey were denned and their power restricted ; and the educational interests of the island were furthered in the same reign, by the foundation of two grammar schools by John Neal. The Reformation was heartily welcomed in the islands ; and under the influence of French pastors, the form of worship adopted was the Presbyterian. The greatest severity was exercised in the maintenance of the new ecclesiastical discipline. In 1554 one Richard Girard was flogged through the town of St Hclier s for defending the doctrine of the mass ; in 1576 several persons were thrown into prison by the royal court for not having taken the communion, and they were not to be liberated till they could repeat the commandments and the Lord s prayer ; and in 1592 it was enacted that all persons should attend divine service morning and evening under the penalty of a fine.
The Presbyterian form of church government was formally sanctioned in Jersey and Guernsey by Queen Elizabeth ; and in 1603 King James enacted that "they should quietly enjoy their said liberty. " During the governorship of Sir John Peyton, however, disputes arose between him and the Presbyterian "colloquy" or synod about nomination to benefices, and both parties appealed to the king. A commission was appointed in 1609, but peace was not established. An Episcopal party had been formed in Jersey, and in 1619 David Bandinal was declared Dean of the island. A body of canons which he drew up agreeable to the discipline of the Church of England was accepted after considerable modification by the people of his charge; but the inhabitants of Guernsey main tained their Presbyterian practices. Of the hold which this form of Protestantism had got on the minds of the people even in Jersey abundant proof is afforded by the general character of the worship at the present day. Having taken different courses in religion the two islands naturally attached themselves to different sides in the great struggle between king and parliament. Jersey was for Charles and Guernsey for the Commons. The former island maintained its loyalty till 1651, when the royal cause became hopeless, and even Sir George Carteret, who had been its principal support, was obliged to surrender. Both islands had suffered severely from the struggle, and the people of Guernsey complained that two-thirds of the land was out of cultivation, and that they had lost "their ships, their traffic, and their trading." After the Restoration there was con siderable improvement, and in the reign of James the islanders got a grant of wool for the manufacture of stockings 4000 tods of wool being annually allowed to Jersey, and 2000 to Alderney. By William of Orange the neutrality was abolished in 1689, and dur ing the first American War there were two unsuccessful attacks on Jersey. In 1767 an attempt was made to introduce the English custom-house system ; but it proved practically a failure, and the islands throve on smuggling and privateering down to 1800. Since then their history has been one of quiet progress, with no more serious disturbance that can arise from local rivalries.
Heylin, Relation of two Journeys, 1656 ; Philip Falle, Cccsarca, or an Account of Jersey, London, 1694, revised edition, 1734 ; Dicey, An Hist. Account of Guernsey, 1750 ; E. Allen, Argument to His Majesty s Royal Commissioners in the Island of Jersey, 1812 ; Berry, Hist, of Island of Guernsey, 1815; Plees, Account of Jersey, 1817; Inglis, Channel Islands, 1835; Duncan, Hist, of Guernsey, 1842 ; F. B. Tupper, Chronicles of Castle Cornet, Guernsey, 1851 ; Hoskins, Charles II. tn Channel Islands, 1854 ; Le Quesne, Constit. Hist, of Jersey, 1856 ; Girardin and Moriere, Rapport d une Ex cursion Agricole A Jersey en 1856, 1857 ; De la Croix, Jersey, ses antiquites, ses institutions, etc., 1859; D. T. Ansted and R. G. Latham, The Channel Islands, 1865. The last work is an interesting com pilation, and treats of the islands in their geographical, botanical, zoological, and historical relations. See also a paper in the Fort nightly Review (1876) by the Rev. F. Barham Zincke.
CHANNING, William Ellery (1730-1842), was the son of William Channing and Lucy Ellery, and was born at Newport, Rhode Island, U.S., on the 7th of April 1780. The place of his birth is situated amidst scenery of great and varied beauty, the influence of which upon his mind may be traced in many allusions in his writings, and in the vivid admiration which he ever expressed for it in after life. To the society of the town of Newport he owed but little ; it was a bustling, crowded seaport, where a certain Puritanic strictness, inherited by tradition from the founders of th3 State, was kept up, not only in connection with, but too much as a salvo for, a considerable amount of laxity both of speech and practice. As a bathing-place it was a resort for strangers from other parts, and the interfusion of French and British officers tended to modify the peculiarities which the unmixed influence of retired sea captains, West Indian traders, and keen New England lawyers might have rendered too strong.
As a child, Charming was remarkable for a refined delicacy of feature and temperament, which made him an object of admiration and affection in the household. From his father he inherited a fine person, simple and elegant tastes, sweetness of temper, and warmth of affection ; from his mother (who appears to have been a remarkable woman) he derived the higher benefits of that strong moral discern ment and straightforward rectitude of purpose and action which formed so striking a feature of his character. By both parents he was carefully instructed in those strict religious principles which were characteristic of the people of New England ; and by both, but especially by his mother, was his moral training most sedulously cared for. Other influences, however, were in the meantime operating upon him. The excitement of the revolutionary war was inspiring him with a profound and ardent love of freedom. The sick chamber of an aunt of his father, who was a woman of much piety and sweetness, was the source of many serious and hallowed lessons of gentleness and good ness. An amateur Baptist preacher, who was by trade a cooper, by refusing, though very poor, to manufacture any of the articles of his trade used for containing ardent spirits, gave him an impulse which he never lost in favour of temperance. A female servant, whose religious views were of a more cheerful cast than those prevalent in his circle, used to talk to him in a way that greatly engaged him, and probably sowed the germ of not a few of the ideas which afterwards regulated his modes of religious sentiment. Able and free-minded men, like Dr Stiles and Dr Hopkins, frequented his father s house, and the quiet and thoughtful boy listened to their conversations, and laid many suggestive words that fell from them to heart. While but a child he had begun to draw inferences from what he heard from the pulpit and elsewhere that were not quite such as his guardians would have wished him to draw ; and he " was even then quite a theo logian, and would chop logic with his elders according to the fashion of that controversial time," as he himself tells us.
exacted from the incipient republicans the title of Madam, and enforced her authority and her lessons by means of " a long round stick." From this he passed under the care of two excellent women, by whose instructions he profited greatly. His next step was to the school of a Mr Rogers, considered the best at that time in the town ; and in his twelfth year he was sent to New London to prepare for college, under the care of his uncle the Rev. Henry Channing. His career at school does not appear to have been marked by any remarkable aptitude for letters ; on the contrary, his progress was at first somewhat slow, though after the few initiatory difficulties were overcome, he advanced rapidly, both in a knowledge of the classics and an appreciation of their excellencies. His disposition was thoughtful and retiring, though among his companions he showed no absence of relish for lively conversation or hearty amusement. A certain mingled dignity and sweet ness gave him a commanding influence in the school, where
he went by the name of " the Peacemaker," and " LittJe
