making the husband the natural enemy of the lover; and he may have had to accommodate himself to the taste of the Fair Maid of Kent, the widow of the Black Prince, the Alcestis of the time, and put his poem out of sight, only pleading that even in it he had paid homage to " the greate
goodness of the Queen Alceste."
There is no good edition of Chaucer, not even a good text. The only text or rather collection of texts that the Chaucerian scholar would think of using is the valuable parallel six-text edition, published by the Chaucer Society. For the general reader one text is about as good as another ; there is little to choose between Tyrwhitt s, Bell s, and Dr Morris s text in the Aldiue edition.
CHAUDES-AIGUES, an old town of Upper Auvergne in France, in the department of Cantal, 17 miles S.S.V. of St Flour, it is celebrated for its hot mineral springs, which vary in temperature from 135 to 177 Fahr., and at their maximum rank as the hottest in France. The water, which is very slightly alkaline, is employed not only for medical purposes, but also in the washing of fleeces, the incubation of eggs, and various other economic applications ; and it furnishes a ready means of heating the houses of the town during winter. In the immediate neighbourhood is the cold chalybeate spring of Condamine. The warm springs were known to the Eomans, and are mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris. The population of the town is about 2000.
CHAUMONT, a town of France, the capital of the depart ment of Haute Marne, on an eminence between the Marne and the Suize, 145 miles S.E. of Paris by the railway, which here crosses a fine viaduct. It is the seat of tribunals of primary instance and commerce, is tolerably well built, and has an elegant town-hall, a court-house, a communal college, a hospital, a theatre, a public library, and a botanical garden. A single tower remains of the Castle of Haute Feuille, which belonged to the counts of Champagne , and there is a triumphal arch erected by Napoleon I. and finished by Louis XVIII. The church of Saint Jean- Baptiste, a building of the 1 3th century, and the chapel of the old college of the Jesuits, are classed among the historic monuments of France. Coarse woollens, hosiery, and gloves are manufactured in the town; and there is a con siderable trade in the iron and iron-wares of the depart ment. The rise of Chaumont into importance dates from 1190, when it received a charter from the counts of Champagne. In the 13th century it became the seat of a provost; and in the 16th it was surrounded with forti fications. It was here that the treaty of 1814 was con cluded by which England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed an alliance against Napoleon. Population in 1872, 8474.
CHAUNY, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, 20 miles W.N.W. of Laon, situated partly on the right bank of the Oise and partly on an island at the commencement of the canal of St Quentin. It has some trade in cider, linen cloth, and hosiery, and is a depot for coals from Flanders and glass mirrors from St Gobain. Population in 1872, 8831.
CHAUVIN, Étienne (1640-1725), a celebrated minister of the Reformed religion, was born at Nimes. At the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he retired to Rotterdam ; and in 1 695 the elector of Brandenburg appointed him professor of philosophy at Berlin, where he enjoyed con siderable reputation as a representative of Cartesianism, and as a student of physics. His principal work is a laborious Lexicon Rationale, sive Tliesaurus Philosophicus, which he published at Rotterdam in 1692, and of which a new and enlarged edition was printed at Leeuwarden in 1703. He also wrote Theses de Cognitione Dei, and started the Nouveau Journal des Savantt (1694-98).- Chauvin died in 1725.
CHAUX DE FONDS, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Neuchatel, and ten miles N.W. of the city of that name, at a height of 3200 feet above the level of the sea, in the rugged and narrow valley of the Jura. Rebuilt after the conflagration of 1794, the town has a handsome and pleasant appearance, and its public buildings include a church with vaulted roof, extensive schools, and a theatre. There are also some peculiar subterranean mills turned by a stream before it sinks into the ground. The principal trade is the manufacture of watches, which are turned out at the rate of 150,000 annually; but gilding, enamelling, and carving are also carried on, as well as the manufacture of scientific and musical instruments. The watch trade was introduced in 1679, and is conducted on the principle of the division of labour. Population in 1872, 19,930.
CHAVES, a town of Portugal, not far from the frontier, in the province of Tras-os-Montes, on a plain near the right bank of the Tamega, which is here crossed by a fine old Roman bridge of eighteen arches. It was formerly one of the principal fortifications in the country, and in fact derives its present name from its forming the " keys " or " chaves " of the north. It has hot saline springs which were known in ancient times as the Aquae Flavice. In one of its churches is the tomb of. Alphonso I. ; and it gave the title of marquis to Pino de Fonseca, the gallant supporter of Dom Miguel. Population formerly about 20,000, notf 4870.
CHAZELLES, Jean Matheiu de (1657-1710), a French mathematician and engineer, was born at Lyons in 1657. He was employed for some time by Cassini in measuring the meridian, and afterwards taught mathematics to the duke of Mortemar, who procured him the preferment of hydrographic professor for the galleys of Marseilles. In 1686 Chazelles went on board the galleys in their campaigns, and kept his school at sea. He was sent to the west coast in July 1689 to examine the practicability of so contriving galleys that they might live upon the ocean, and be employed to tug the men-of-war when becalmed ; and having set sail with iifteen galleys from Rochefort, he cruised as far as Torbay, in Devonshire, and took part in the descent upon Teignmouth. On his return he published his observations, "with maps of the coasts and harbours he had visited. These maps were inserted in the Neptune Fraiicais, published in 1692. In 1693, Monsieur de Pont- chartrain, secretary of state for the marine, engaged Chazelles to publish a second volume of the Neptune Francais, which was to include the hydrography of the Mediterranean. For this purpose he passed through Greece, Turkey, and Egypt. When in Egypt he measured the pyramids, and finding that the angles formed by the sides of the largest were in the direction of the four cardinal points, he concluded that this position must have been intended, and also that the poles of the earth and meridians had not deviated since the erection of these colossal struc tures. Chazelles likewise made a report of his voyage in the Levant, and another concerning the position of Alexandria. He was made a member of the Academy in 1695, and died in 1710.
ten miles from the coast of Aracan, between 18 40 and 18 56 N. lat., and between 93 31 and 93 50 E. long. It extends about 20 miles in length from north to south, and 17 miles from east to west, and its area of 250 square miles supports a population of 10,000. The channel between the island and the mainland is navigable for boats, but not for large vessels. The surface of the interior is richly diversified by hill and dale, and in the southern portion some of the heights exceed a thousand
feet in elevation. There are various indications of former
