Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/470

and it afterwards passed successively into the possession of the duke of Northumberland, Lord Cheyne, and Sir Hans Sloane. It was at Chelsea that Sir John Danvers in troduced the Italian style of gardening, which was so greatly admired by Bacon and soon after became prevalent in England ; and here in our own day were the gardens of the English botanist William Curtis, arranged according to the Linnean system. During the 18th century the village was the residence of many of the most famous men of the period. Atterbury, Swift, and Arbuthnot lived in Church- lane ; Guy, Smollett, and Steele were for a time inmates of Monmouth House; and Count Zinzendorf established a Moravian society at Lindsay House. Sir Robert Walpole s residence was extant till 1810; and till 1824 the bishops of Winchester had a palace at the end of Cheyne Walk, a fine promenade extending along the river and now fronted by part of the Thames embankment, which has greatly im proved its appearance. The house and grounds of the earl of Ranelagh were a favourite resort from 1742 till 1803 ; and Crernorne, which was built by the earl of Huntingdon, father of Steele s "Aspasia," is still a place of popular amusement. The old church and churchyard contain the tombs of Sir Thomas More, Sir Hans Sloane, George Herbert s mother, Thomas Shadwell, Woodfall the printer of Junius, and other persons of celebrity. Of greater importance than any of the buildings already mentioned is the great Chelsea Hospital for invalid soldiers, built by Sir Christopher Wren (1682-1690), on the site of King James s College ; and to the north of the hospital is the Royal Military Asylum, founded by Frederick Duke of York, for the education of children connected with the

army. For further details see the article London.

CHELSEA, a city of the United States, in Suffolk county, Massachusetts, forming part of the suburbs of Boston. It is situated on the north bank of the Mystic River, which separates it from Charlestown, while Chelsea creek lies between it and East Boston. It communicates both with Charlestown and with East Boston by bridges. (See plan, vol. iv. p. 731). Its public buildings comprise the city hall, Winnisimmet hall, the naval hospital, the marine hospital, an academy of music, a free public library opened in 1870, a high school, a national bank, and about a dozen churches; and among its industrial establishments are several foundries, brick-works, worsted factories, soapworks, and oilworks, a manufactory of washing machines, a brewery, and a salt-refinery. It is supplied with water from the works in Charlestown, which are fed by the Mystic River. In 1871 there were 3092 houses in the city, and in 1874 the population amounted to 20,695, showing an increase since 1830 of 19,925. The first settlement dates from 1630, and in the following year Winnisimmet ferry was established. Till 1738 the place itself was known as Winnisimmet, and was regarded as part of Boston, but in that year it was organized as a separate town, for the convenience of its inhabitants, who found it difficult to attend the municipal meetings of the city. In 1857 it obtained a city-charter of its own.

CHELTENHAM, a parliamentary and municipal borough of England, in Gloucestershire, situated about 88 miles N.W. from London, in a valley watered by the Chelt, and sheltered on the E. and N.E. by the Cotswold Hills. Its streets and buildings are spacious and elegant, and its spas and promenades are reckoned among the finest in England. The " Promenade "par excellence, indeed, which extends for more than a quarter of a mile, and is lined with trees, will bear comparison with any in Europe. Besides the parish church of St Mary s, which probably dates from the 14th century, there are ten Episcopalian churches and numerous other places of worship ; several of them are beautiful specimens of modern architecture, and the Roman Catholic church of Saint Gregory is especially admired. Among the educational institutions the most important are the well known Cheltenham College, which dates from 1842, and numbers upwards of 600 pupils ; a foundation grammar school, originally established in 1574 by Richard Pates of Gloucester ; a Church of England college for the training of teachers for national and parochial schools ; and the Ladies College at Cambray House opened in 1854. Of the charitable institutions may be mentioned the General Hospital and Dispensary, which is supported by donations and subscriptions, and the Female Orphan Asylum, which owes its existence to Queen Charlotte. There are no manufacturing establishments of any importance ; and the prosperity of the town, which has the reputation of being one of the healthiest, cleanest, cheapest, and best regulated places in the kingdom, is mainly due to its being a fashionable and educational resort. The mineral springs are four in number the Old Wells, Montpellier, Cambray, and Pittville; and with the exception of Cambray, which is chalybeate, they all furnish a saline water. The Pittville spring is the mildest and most attractive, and it also possesses the best pump-room in the town, a handsome building, surrounded by an Ionic colonnade, which was erected in 1825 by Joseph Pitt, at a cost of 20,000.

Cheltenham (Central part).

Cheltenham probably existed at a very early period, and Roman remains have been discovered on its site. The manor is described in Domesday-Book as terra, regis, or king s land, and it possessed important privileges granted by several charters. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth the town was relieved from the burden of sending two members to Parliament. It rose rapidly into importance at the commencement of the eighteenth century through the discovery of its mineral waters, which were visited in 1788 by George III., and soon after attracted general attention. In 1804 it consisted of only one street, and contained 710 houses and 3076 inhabitants ; whereas at the census of 1871 the parish, which has an area of 4203 statute acres, contained 7825 inhabited houses, and had a population of 41,924. The Parliamentary borough, which was extended by an Act of 31 and 32 Viet, to an area of 4451 acres, and contains part of the parish of Leckhampton, had in the same year 8321 in habited houses and a population of 44,519 persons, of whom 18,370 were males, and 26,149 females. It returns one member to Par liament, and is the seat of a Coiinty Court, a centre under the Bankruptcy and Judicature Acts, and the depot of the county police.