1038. The Turkmans defeat the Ghaznivides and conquer Persia. Foundation of the Seljukian dynasty.
1039. Henry III. emperor. Macbeth murders Duncan, king of Scots, and succeeds him. Conquest of Persia by Togrul Beg.
1040–1043. Conquest of Apulia by the Normans.
1042. Edward the Confessor king of England. Restoration of English line.
1043. Fourth expedition of Russians against Constantinople.
1044. Silvester III. pope three months. Gregory VI. buys the papacy.
1046. Council of Sutri; the consent of the emperor declared essential to the election of the pope; the emperor deposes three popes, appoints Clement II., and is crowned by him.
1047. Victory of William of Normandy over the baronage at Val-ès-dunes.
1048. Damasus II. pope three weeks, said to be the first pope crowned. Invasion of the Eastern empire by the Seljukian Turks.
1049. Leo IX. pope. Intrigues of Hildebrand at his election. League of the pope and the two emperors against the Normans in Sicily.
1050. Condemnation of Berengar at councils of Rome and Vercelli. Hildebrand created cardinal.
1052. Visit of William the Norman to England. Death of Earl Godwine, The Pope and the emperor celebrate Christmas at Worms.
1053. The Pope taken prisoner by Robert Guiscard, at the battle of Civitella (June 16). Open rupture of Greek and Latin churches.
1054. Macbeth defeated by Earl Siward at Dunsinane (slain, 1056). Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, assumes the title of Universal Patriarch. The Pope and the Patriarch excommunicate each other.
1055. Victor II. pope. Togrul Beg takes Baghdad, and rescues the caliph from his enemies.
1056. Henry IV. emperor.
1057. Malcolm III. (Canmore) king of Scotland. Stephen IX. pope.
1058. Nicholas II. pope. Peter Damiani created cardinal (died, 1072).
1059. Election of the Pope vested in the College of Cardinals by bull of Nicholas II. Robert Guiscard made duke of Apulia and gonfaloniere of the church.
1060. Philip I. king of France.
1060–1090. Conquest of Sicily by the Normans under Count Roger.
1061. Alexander II. pope. Honorius II. anti-pope.
1062. Lanfranc abbot of Caen.
1063. Death of Togrul Beg.
1066. Harold II. king of England. His victory over Harold Hardrada and Tostig at Stamford Bridge, Sept. 25. Victory of William the Norman at Senlac (Hastings), Oct. 14. Norman conquest of England begins.
1068–71. Siege and capture of Bari by the Normans. End of Byzantine dominion in Italy.
1070. Lanfranc archbishop of Canterbury.
1071. Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan, defeats and takes prisoner the emperor Romanus IV. at Manzikert.
1072. Palermo taken by Robert Guiscard. Malek Shah sultan of Persia.
1073. Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) pope.
1074–1084. Conquest of Asia Minor by the Turks.
1075. Disputes about investitures begin.
1076. Jerusalem taken by the Turks. Earthquake in England. Matilda countess of Tuscany (the Great Countess). Henry IV. deposes the Pope at Council of Worms. The Pope, at Council of Rome, deposes Henry and absolves his subjects from allegiance, the first sentence of the kind. Henry is again excommunicated, 1078 and 1080.
1077. Submission of the emperor to the Pope at Canossa. London burnt. Secret gift of Tuscany|her states by Countess Matilda to the Holy See.
1079. The New Forest formed by William the Conqueror. Birth of Abelard. Reform of the Calendar ordered by Malek Shah.
1080. The duchy of Swabia given to Frederick of Hohenstauffen by the emperor Henry IV. Interdict laid on Poland, and title of king suppressed by the Pope. Anti–pope Clement III. set up by the emperor. Victory of the emperor over his rival Rudolf of Swabia.
1081. Capture and sack of Constantinople by Alexius Comnenus, April 1. Alexius crowned emperor, April 2. Battle of Durazzo,—defeat of the emperor Alexius by Robert Guiscard.
1082. Siege of Rome by the Emperor Henry begins; the city taken, 1084.
1084. Gregory VII. besieged in Sant-Angelo by the emperor; delivered, and Rome pillaged by Robert Guiscard. Carthusian order founded by Bruno.
1085. Toledo taken from the Arabs by Alphonso VI. of Castile. Death of Robert Guiscard. Death of Gregory VII.
1086. Domesday Book completed. Victor III. pope. The Moors under Josef ben Taxfyn enter Spain to aid the Saracens. Battle of Zalaca,—defeat of Alphonso VI.
1087. William II. (Rufus) king of England.
1088. Urban II. pope. The Almoravides predominant in Spain.
1089. Death of Lanfranc (born about 1005).
1091. Birth of St Bernard. Mantua taken by the emperor.
1092. Death of Sultan Malek Shah, and division of the Seljukian empire. Foundation of the order of Knights Hospitallers (knights of St John of Jerusalem, knights of Malta), about this time (?). Roscelin found guilty of heresy at Council of Soissons.
1093. Anselm archbishop of Canterbury.
1095. Council of Clermont. Preaching of Peter the Hermit. The first crusade proclaimed. Excommunication of Philip king of France and his wife Bertrada by the Pope.
1097. Siege of Nicæa. Battle of Dorylæum. Edessa taken by crusaders and erected into a principality. Westminster Hall built about this time.
1098. Siege and capture of Antioch, which is made a principality for Bohemond. The Cistercian order founded. Edgar king of Scotland.
1099. Pascal II. pope. Siege and capture of Jerusalem by crusaders. Godfrey of Bouillon elected king. Battle of Ascalon.
1100. William the Red slain in the New Forest. Henry I. king of England. Woollen manufacture introduced in England by the Flemings about this time. Knights of St John settled in England.
1101. Invasion of England by Robert duke of Normandy. Roger II. (Guiscard), the Great, count of Sicily.
1102. Disputes between Henry I. and Archbishop Anselm about investitures. The emperor excommunicated by Pope Pascal II. Preaching of Peter Bruys against prevalent superstitions, for about twenty years, probably between 1100 and 1130.
1105. Invasion of Normandy by Henry I. The emperor Henry IV. dethroned by his son Henry V.; excommunicated and deprived of imperial dress.
1106. Henry V. emperor. Battle of Tinchebrai; Henry I. of England defeats and captures Robert of Normandy, and conquers the duchy.
1107. Alexander I. king of Scotland. Bohemond invades the Eastern empire.
1108. Louis VI. (le Gros) king of France. Treaty of peace between Alexius and Bohemond.
1109. Tripoli in Syria taken by crusaders and erected into a county.
1110. Marriage of Maud daughter of Henry I. to the emperor Henry V. Treaty between the emperor and the Pope respecting investitures concluded at Milan.
1111. The emperor arrests the Pope; obtains a bull respecting investitures; releases the Pope, and is crowned by him at Rome. The emperor received at Canossa by the Countess Matilda; names her his vice-regent in Lombardy.
1112. Council of Vienne; excommunicates the emperor.
1113. Bernard becomes a monk of Cîteaux. Peace of Gisors.
1114. Thurstan, archbishop of York, refuses consecration from archbishop of Canterbury.
1115. Bernard founds Clairvaux. Death of Matilda countess of Tuscany.
1116. March of the emperor into Italy to take possession of states of the countess. Council of the Lateran revokes the privilege of investitures conceded to the emperor.
1117–1120. Henry I. in Normandy. War with France and the earls of Anjou and Flanders.
1118. Order of Knights Templars founded. Gelasius II. pope, January 19. His seizure by the Frangipani, January 24. Appointment of anti-pope Gregory VIII. by the emperor. John II. Comnenus emperor of the East. Abelard teaches at Paris.
1119. Calixtus II. pope. Cistercian order re-constituted by Stephen Harding.
1120. Wreck of the White Ship, and death of William, son of Henry I. Premonstratensian order founded by St Norbert.
1121. Council of Soissons compels Abelard to burn his book on the Trinity.
1122. Concordat of Worms. The dispute about investitures settled by the emperor's renunciation. Abelard founds the Paraclete.
1123. Ninth General Council (first of the Lateran). Confirmation of the settlement between the Pope and the emperor.
1124. The emperor invades France, but retires before Louis VI. Honorius II. pope. David I. king of Scotland.
1125. Lothaire II. king of Germany; opposed by Conrad, duke of Swabia, and Frederick, duke of Franconia.
1126. Visit of David of Scotland to Henry I.
1127. Roger, the great Count, recognized as duke of Apulia and Calabria. He carries on war with the Pope and is excommunicated, but obtains investiture the next year. Marriage of Geoffrey of Anjou with Maud, daughter of Henry I.
1128. Death of William of Normandy, count of Flanders.
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CHRONOLOGY
[1038–1129.
