1544. The kingdom of Sweden declared hereditary in the house of Gustavus, January. Diet of Spires, opens February 20. Battle of Cerisoles, April. Edinburgh and Leith burnt by the English, May. Henry VIII. invades France, July; takes Boulogne, September. Peace of Crespi, September. Paul III. summons the adjourned council for March 1545, November. Birth of Tasso (died, 1595). University of Königsberg founded.
1545. Extermination of the Vaudois in Provence ordered by Francis I., January. Battle of Ancrum Muir, February 17. Peter du Breuil, Calvinist preacher, burnt at Tournay, February 19. Diet of Worms, March. Parma and Piacenza erected into a duchy by Paul III. for his son, Piero Luigi Farnese. Council of Trent opened, December 13. Silver mines of Potosi discovered.
1546. Death of Luther, February 18. Assassination of Cardinal Beatoun at St Andrews, May 23. Peace between England and France, June. Tyndale's and Coverdale's New Testaments and many English books proscribed by royal proclamation, July 8. Anne Askew burnt in London, July 16. Stephen Dolet burnt at Paris, August 3. The Smalkaldic War begins. Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIII. Death of Giulio Romano. Birth of Tycho Brahe (died, 1601). The King's Primer, first sketch of the Book of Common Prayer.
1547. Conspiracy of Fiesco at Genoa, January 2. The earl of Surrey beheaded, January 19. Edward VI. king of England, January 28; protectorate of Somerset. Council of Trent transferred to Bologna, March. Henry II. king of France, March 31. Battle of Mühlberg,—defeat and capture of John Frederick, elector of Saxony, by Charles V., April 24. Capitulation of Wittenberg signed, May 19. The Protector invades Scotland, and defeats the Scots at Pinkie, September 10. Visitation of churches in England. Birth of Cervantes (died, 1616). University of Jena founded.
1548. Sigismund II. king of Poland. Charles V. at Diet of Augsburg publishes the Interim, May 15. Rise of Adiaphoristic controversy. Charles's edict of Reformation, June 14. Mary, queen of Scots, is sent to France. The Netherlands, as the circle of Burgundy, incorporated with the empire. Constance seized by Imperialists and put under the ban, October 14, 15. Marriage of Antoine de Bourbon with Jeanne d'Albret, October.
1549. Act of Uniformity passed in England. Lord Seymour beheaded. War between England and France. Catholic risings in England. Siege of Boulogne by the French begun. Auto-da-fé at Paris at the coronation of Catherine de’ Medici, June. Death of Pope Paul III., November 10. Death of Paul Fagius, November (born 1504). Death of Margaret, queen of Navarre, December 21. Mission of Xavier to Japan,—to 1551.
1550. Julius III. pope, February 8. Peace between England and France and Scotland; Boulogne surrendered, April. The new liturgy first used at Dublin. Joan Bocher burnt, May 2. The Spanish Inquisition established in the Netherlands by Charles V.; his edict against the Protestants, April 29. Diet of Augsburg. Death of the Imperial Chancellor Granvella, August 28. Siege of Magdeburg by Maurice of Saxony begun, September. Camera Obscura invented by Baptista Porta. Rise of Protestantism in England. Vasari's Lives of the Painters published.
1551. Death of Martin Bucer, February (born, 1491). Council meets again at Trent, May 1. War about duchy of Parma. Treaty between Henry II. of France and Maurice, October 5; ratified by Henry, January 15, 1552. Capitulation of Magdeburg, November 3. Birth of William Camden (died, 1623). Robert Recorde's Grounde of Artes published. Teklucyan's Polish New Testament. Castalio's Latin Bible.
1552. Act of Uniformity passed in England. Execution of Somerset, January. War between Maurice and the emperor. Council of Trent prorogued, April 28. Seizure of the three bishoprics, Metz, Toul, and Verdun, by Henry II. Siege of Metz begun by Charles V. Invasion of Hungary by Turks. Peace of Passau, August 12. Death of St Francis Xavier, December 2. Birth of Father Paul (Pietro Sarpi) (died, 1623). Birth of Spenser (died, 1599). Birth of Raleigh (died, 1618). Birth of Sir Edward Coke (died, 1632).
1553. Siege of Metz abandoned, January. Mary queen of England, July 6. Lady Jane Grey proclaimed, July 10. Battle of Sievershausen; the elector Maurice killed, July 9. Servetus burnt at Geneva, October 27. Death of Rabelais. (?) Archangel reached by Richard Chancellor.
1554. Wyatt's insurrection in Kent, January. John Knox escapes to France, January. Execution of the Lady Jane, February 12. Marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spain, July. War continued between the emperor and the king of France. War of Siena. Absolution of England by Cardinal Pole, November. Birth of Sir Philip Sidney (died, 1586). Birth of Hooker (died, 1600).
1555. Diet of Augsburg opens, February. The Marian persecution begins. Marcellus II. pope, April 9, three weeks. Paul IV. pope, May 23. The Peace of Religion published, September 26. Abdication of sovereignty of the Netherlands by Charles in favour of his son Philip, October. The Synergist Controversy begins.
1556. Akbar Mogul emperor, January. Charles resigns the crown of Spain to Philip II., January 16. Truce of Vaucelles between the emperor and the king of France, February 5. Archbishop Cranmer burnt, March 21. Cardinal Pole archbishop of Canterbury, March 22. Charles resigns the imperial crown to his brother Ferdinand I. September 7. The Pope refuses to recognize Ferdinand. Invasion of Papal States by Alva. Ridley and Latimer burnt at Oxford, October 16. Trinity College, Oxford, founded. Mercator's Projection invented. Beza's Latin New Testament published.
1557. Charles V. retires to a monastery, February. First ambassador from Russia arrives in England, February. The Inquisition established in France, April 26. England declares war on France, June. Battle of St. Quentin, August 10. The town taken by Spaniards, August 27. Guise appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom, August. Peace between the Pope and Philip II. September. St. John's College, Oxford, founded.
1558. Calais taken by Guise, January 1–7. Ferdinand I. recognized emperor, March 12. Marriage of Mary, queen of Scots, with the Dauphin, April 24. Battle of Gravelines, July 13. Death of Charles V., September 21. Death of Cardinal Pole, November 17. Elizabeth queen of England, November 17.
1559. The Royal Supremacy restored in England, January. Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, April 2. John Knox arrives in Scotland, May 2. Marriage of Philip II. with Elizabeth of France, June, English Book of Common Prayer first used, June. Francis II. king of France, July 10. Philip II. returns to Spain, August. Margaret of Austria regent of the Netherlands. First auto-da-fé of Protestants at Valladolid. Pius IV. pope, December 26. Birth of Tilly. Birth of Isaac Casaubon (died, 1614).
1560. Death of John Alasco, January (born, 1499). Treaty of Berwick, January. Conspiracy of Amboise, February, March. Edict of Romorantin, May. French evacuate Scotland, July. The Reformation established by Scots parliament, August 25. Duke of Savoy makes war on the Vaudois, September. Prince of Condé arrested, November. Charles IX. king of France, December 5. Regency seized by Catherine de’ Medici. States-General meet at Orleans, December 31. Birth of Arminius (died, 1609). Westminster School founded.
1561. Birth of Bacon, January (died, 1626). Edict of Orleans, January 31. Rebellion of Shane O'Neal in Ireland, spring. The “Triumvirate,” alliance against the Huguenots, Easter. Edict of July. Return of Queen Mary to Scotland, August. Colloquy of Poissy, September 9 to October 9. The first observatory built at Cassel. Leonard's Polish Bible published. Tobacco introduced into Europe.
1562. Edict of January (or of Toleration) in France. Apostasy of the king of Navarre, January. Massacre of Vassy, May 1. War between Catholics and Protestants in France begins. Slaughter of Protestants at Toulouse, May. Queen Elizabeth concludes treaty with Condé, September 20. Havre occupied by the English, September. Siege of Rouen begun by the king of Navarre, September 18; taken, October 26. Death of Peter Martyr, November 12 (born, 1500). Death of king of Navarre, November 17. Birth of Lope de Vega, November (died, 1635). Battle of Dreux, Condé taken prisoner, December 19. African slave trade begun by Hawkins. Truce between the emperor and the sultan.
1563. Council of Trent re-opened, January 18. The Thirty-nine Articles of Church of England settled by Convocation, January 29. Assassination of duke of Guise, February 18. Pacification by Edict of Amboise, March 19. France declares war on England, July 6. Surrender of Havre, July 8. Charles IX. declared of age, August 17. Council of Trent closed, December 4. Foxe's Book of Martyrs published.
1564. Acts of Council of Trent confirmed by Pius IV. January 26. Birth of Galileo, February 18 (died 1642). Treaty of peace between England and France, April 1. Birth of Shakspeare. Death of Calvin, May 27. Maximilian II. emperor, July 25. Edict of Roussillon, August 6. Birth of Marlowe (died, 1593). Congregation of the Oratory founded at Rome.
1565. Siege of Malta by Mustapha Pasha, May to September. Marriage of Mary queen of Scots with Lord Darnley, July 29. Confederation of the Gueux founded in the Netherlands, November. Death of Pius IV., December 9. Conferences between [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Catherine de' Medici|Catherine de’ Medici and Alva at Bayonne.
1566. Pius V. pope, January 7. The “Compromise” published by the Leaguers in the Netherlands, January. The Grande Ordonnance de Moulins published, February. Murder of David Rizzio, March 9. Revolt of the Netherlands begins. Invasion of Hungary by Soliman. Death of Soliman at Szigeth, September 5. Selim II. sultan. Severe decree of Philip II. against the Moors, November 17. The Russia Company sanctioned by Act of Parliament.
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CHRONOLOGY
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