it is chiefly prescribed for improving the flavour of bitter substances and to correct the griping action of purgatives. Being a much more costly spice than cassia, that compara tively harsh-flavoured substance is frequently substituted for or added to cinnamon. The two barks when whole are easily enough distinguished, and their microscopical char acters are also quite distinct. When powdered bark is treated with tincture of iodine, little effect is visible in the case of pure cinnamon ; but with cassia a deep-blue tint is produced, the intensity of the coloration depending on
the proportion of the cassia.CINO DA PISTOIA (1270-1336), a poet and jurist, whose full name was Guittoncino de’ Sinibuldi, was born in Pistoia, of a noble family. He studied law at Bologna under Dinus and Franciscus Accursius, and in 1307 is understood to have been assessor of civil causes in his native city. In that year, however, Pistoia was disturbed by the Guelf and Ghibelline feud. The Ghibellines who had for some time been the stronger party, being worsted by the Guelfs, Cino, a prominent member of the former faction, had to quit his office and the city of his birth. Pitecchio, a stronghold on the frontiers of Lombardy, was yet in the hands of Filippo Vergiolesi, chief of tho Pistoian Ghibellines ; Selvaggia, his daughter, was beloved by Cino (who was probably already the husband of Margherita degli Qnghi) ; and to Pitecchio did the lawyer-poet betake himself. It is uncertain how long he remained at the for tress ; it is certain, however, that he was not with the Vergiolesi at tb 3 time of Selvaggia s death, which happened three years afterwards (1310), at the Monte della Sambuca, in the Appenines, whither the Ghibellines had been com pelled to shift their camp. He visited his mistress s grave on his way to Rome, after some time spent in travel in Franca and elsewhere, and to this visit is owing his finest sonnet. At Home Cino held office under Louis of Savoy, sent thither by the Ghibelline leader Henry of Luxembourg, who was crowned emperor of the Romans in 1312. In 1313, however, the emperor died, and the Ghibellines lost their last hope. Cino appears to have thrown up his party, and to have returned to Pistoia. Thereafter he devoted himself to law and letters. After filling several high judi cial offices, a doctor of civil law of Bologna in his forty- fourth year, he lectured and taught from the professor s chair at the universities of Treviso, Siena, Florence, and Perugia in succession ; his reputation and success were great, his judicial experience enabling him to travel out of the routine of the schools. In literature he continued in some sort the tradition of Dante during the interval dividing that great poet from his successor Petrarca. The latter, besides celebrating Cino in an obituary sonnet, has coupled him and his Selvaggia with Dante and Beatrice in the fourth capitolo of his Trionfi d Amore.
Cino, the master of Bartolus, and of Joannes Andreas the celebrated canonist, was long famed as a jurist. His com mentary on the statutes of Pistoia, written within two years, is said to have great merit ; while that on the code (Lectura Cino Pistoia super Codice, Pavia, 1483, Lyons, 1526) is considered by Savigny to exhibit more practical intelligence and more originality of thought than are found in any commentary on Roman law since the time of Accursius. As a poet he also distinguished himself greatly. He was tho friend and correspondent of Dante s later years, and possibly of his earlier also, and was certainly, with Guido Cavalcanti and Durante da Maiano, one of these who re plied to the famous sonnet A ciascun alma preset e gentil core of the Vita Nuova. The great Florentine in the trea tise De Vulgari Eloquio refers to him as one of " those who have most sweetly and subtly written poems in modern Italian," but his works, printed at Rome in 1559, do not alto gether justify the praise bestowed on them by his illustrious friend. Strained and rhetorical as many of his outcries are, however, Cino is not without moments of true passion and fine natural eloquence. Of these qualities the sonnet in memory of Selvaggia, lofui in sull alto e in sul beato monte, and the canzone to Dante, Avegnaclie dl omaggio piu per tempo, are interesting examples.
The text-book for English readers is Mr D. G. Rossetti s Early Italian Poets, wherein will be found not only a memoir of Cino da Pistoia (pp. 206-211), but also (pp. 381-395) some admirably trans lated specimens of his verse, the whole wrought into significant connection with that friendship of Cino s, which is perhaps the most interesting fact about him. See also Ciampi, Vita e Pocsie di Mcsser Cino da Pistoia, Pisa, 1813.
CINQ-MARS, Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis de (1620-1642), French courtier, was born in 1620. At the age of eighteen he was introduced to the court by Richelieu, who had been the patron of his father, and who intended him to fill the post of favourite to the king, Louis XI II. The design succeeded well, and Cinq-Mars became grand master of the wardrobe, and grand master of the horse. He developed into a gallant courtier, won the affection of the princess of Mantua, and claimed a seat in the royal council. But Richelieu opposed his ambition, and refused to counte nance his pretensions. Cinq-Mars, therefore, in revenge, entered into the conspiracy against him, of which the duke of Orleans was nominal head. Unfortunately aid had been sought from Spain ; and using this treason as an argument, Richelieu persuaded the weak and fickle king first to forbid Cinq-Mars to enter his presence, and then to permit his execution (1642).
is the name of an ancient jurisdiction in the south of England, which is still maintained with considerable modi fications and diminished authority. As the name implies, the original members of the body were only five in number Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich ; but to these were afterwards added the " Ancient Towns " of Winchelsea and Rye with the same privileges, and a good many other places, both corporate and non-corporate, which, with the title of Limb or Member,held a subordinate position. To Hastings were attached the corporate members of Pevensey and Seaford, and the non-corporate members of Bulverheeth, Petit Iham, Hidney, Beaksbourne, and Grange ; to Romney, Lydd, and Old Romney, Dengemarsh, and Oswardstone; to Dover, Folkstone and Feversham, and Margate, St John s, Goresend, Burchington Wood, St Peter s, Kingsdowne, and Ringwold ; to Sandwich, Fordwich, and Deale, Walmer, Ramsgate, Stoner, Sarr, and Brightlingsea. The jurisdiction thus extends along the coast from Seaford in Sussex to Burghington near Margate in Kent ; and it also includes a number of inland districts, at a considerable distance from the ports with which they are connected. The non-incorporated members are within the municipal jurisdiction of the ports to which they are attached ; but the corporate members are as free within their own liberties as the individual ports themselves. The incor poration of the Cinque Ports had its origin in the necessity for some means of defence along the southern seaboard of England, and in the lack of any regular navy. Up to the reign of Henry VII. they had to furnish the Crown with nearly all the ships and men that were needful for the state ; and for a long time after they were required to give large assistance to the permanent fleet. The oldest charter now on record is one belonging to the 6th year of Edward I.; and it refers to previous documents of the time of Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror. In return for their services the ports enjoyed extensive privileges. From the Conquest or even earlier they had, besides various lesser rights, (1) Exemption from tax and tallage ; (2) Soc and sac, or full cognizance of all criminal
and civil cases within their liberties ; (3) Toll and theam,
