1859, Lord John Russell made it a condition of his acceptance of office under Lord Palmerston that the Foreign Department should be placed in his own hands, which implied that Lord Clarendon should be excluded from office, as it would have been inconsistent alike with his dignity and his tastes to fill any other post in the Government. The consequence was that from 1859 till 1864 Lord Clarendon remained out of office, and the critical relations arising out of the civil war in the United States were left to the guidance of Earl Russell. But he re-entered the cabinet in May 1864 as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; and upon the death of Lord Palmerston in 1865, Lord Russell again became prime minister, when Lord Clarendon returned to the Foreign Office, which was again confided to him for the third time upon the formation of Mr Glad stone s administration in 1868. To the last moment of his existence, Lord Clarendon continued to devote every faculty of his mind and every instant of his life to the public service; and he expired surrounded by the boxes and papers of his office on the 27th June 1870, within a few days of that great catastrophe which was about to change the face of Europe, and which he, if any body, might possibly have retarded or averted. His death called forth expressions of the deepest sympathy and regret from all the courts and statesmen of both hemispheres ; and these manifesta tions of more than official sorrow were collected and laid before parliament by order of the Queen. This is not the place to enlarge on the charm of Lord Clarendon s personal demeanour, or on the playfulness and grace he threw over the conduct of great affairs. We must content ourselves with a brief record of what he did in public life. But no man owed more to the influence of a generous, unselfish, and liberal disposition. If he had rivals he never ceased to treat them with the consideration and con fidence of friends, and he cared but little for the ordinary prizes of ambition in comparison with the advancement of the great cause of peace and progress in the world.
A notice of Lord Clarendon, by a friendly hand, was printed in Frascrs Magazine for August 1870, from which we have borrowed some details. No other biography of tins eminent and accomplished statesman has been published.
CLARI, Giovanni Carlo Maria, chapel-master at Pistoia, was born at Pisa in 1669. The time of his death is un known. He was the most celebrated pupil of Colonna, chapel-master of S. Petronio, at Bologna. The works by which Clari distinguished himself pre-eminently are his vocal duets and trios, with a continued bass, published in 1720. In these beautiful and learned compositions the tonal res ponses and modulations are in the modern style. An edi tion of these duets and trios, with a pianoforte accompani ment, was published at Paris in 1823, by Mirecki, a Polish musician, and a pupil of Cherubini. In such esteem were these compositions held by Cherubini, that, in the course of his studies, he repeatedly transcribed them with his own hand, as models of excellence. Clari composed one opera, II Savio Delirante, and for the church a Stabat and four other works.
CLARINET. See Musical Instruments.
CLARK, Sir James (1788-1870), an English physician, was born at Cullen, in Banffshire. He was educated at the grammar-school of Fordyce, and at the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, at the former of which he took the degree of M.A., at the latter that of M.D. He served for six years as a surgeon in the navy ; he then spent some time in travelling on the Continent, in order to investigate the effects of the mineral waters and the climate of various places commonly recommended to invalids ; and for eight years he was settled at Rome. In 1824 he was chosen phy sician to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, and two years after he commenced to practise in London as physician to the St George s Parochial Infirmary. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1832; in 1835 he was appointed physician to the Duchess of Kent and the Princess Victoria, and on the accession of the latter to the throne he became physician in ordinary to the Queen. On the foundation of the university of London, he was made a member of its senate ; and he belonged to many medical societies both at home and abroad. In 1838 he was created baronet. Sir James Clark made a special study of sanatory science, and he was also regarded as an authority on diseases of the lungs. He published Medical Notes ; The Sanative Influence of Climate, containing valu able meteorological tables ; A Treatise on Pulmonary Con- sumption and Scrofulous Disease ; and Clinical Instruction.
CLARK, Thomas (1801-1867), a distinguished chemist, was born at Ayr, on the 31st March 1801. His father was captain of a merchant vessel, and his mother began the Ayrshire needlework. He was educatsd at the Ayr Academy, a school of great efficiency and repute. In 1816 he entered the counting-house of Charles Macintosh & Co., the inventors of the waterproof cloth, but soon obtained the more congenial situation of chemist in Tennant s chemi cal works at St Rollox. In 1826 he was appointed lecturer on chemistry to the Glasgow mechanics institution, where he propounded advanced views on the atomic theory and the theory of salts. The same year he published his first papers, containing his discovery of the pyrophospate of soda, which was a turning-point in chemical history. Becoming a medical student in the university of Glasgow, he took the degree of M.D. in 1831. He was for several years apothecary to the Glasgow infirmary, and published several important papers on pharmacy. In 1832 he pub lished in the Westminster Review an elaborate inquiry into the existing system of weights arid measures. In 1833 he obtained by competition the chair of chemistry in Marischal College, Aberdeen. About the same time he matured two important practical researches relating to the construction of hydrometers and the means of detecting arsenic. In 1835 he published a paper on the " Application of the Hot-Blast," explaining the principle of its efficacy. In 1836 appeared his letter to Mitscherlich on the Oxygen Salts. Clark s name became most generally known in connection with his water tests and his process for softening hard (chalk) waters. These came out in 1841. The tests have been in use ever since; and the softening process intended for the London waters, but not as yet adopted by any of the London com panies, has been very successfully carried out in several places. In 1844 his health gave way under mental strain, and he ceased to be able to lecture to his class. Being removed also from his laboratory, he did little more che mical work, except directing his assistant in perfecting his water tests. His active mind, however, could not rest, and he took up several inquiries, the last of all, which occupied what strength he had for nearly twenty years before his death, beingthe historical originof the Gospels. Proceeding from one stage to another, he finally concentrated his ener gies on an attempt to settle the true readings of the Greek text of the three first Gospels. His mode of proceeding displayed the peculiar sagacity and tact shown in his scien tific inventions, and his results had reached a form admit ting of publication at the time of his death. The work would have been very valuable in connection with the re vision of the Bible, and it is to be regretted that his surviv* ing relatives didnot seefit topublishit. Clark took a leading part in all the discussions relating to the improvement of the university of Aberdeen. He was an admirable lecturer, but unfortunately his teaching career was short. He died at Glasgow on the 27th November 1867.
