as was Saybrook in 1644. In 1639 Connecticut, chiefly through the influence of the Rev. J. Hooker of Hartford, adopted a constitution. This was " the first one written out, as a complete form of civil order, in the New World, and embodies -all the essential features of the constitutions, of the American States, and of the Republic itself, as they exist at the present day. It is the free representative plan which characterizes the country." In this constitution, and during the administration of it (till 1661), the only authority recognized was the " supreme power of the commonwealth," and the people were practically indepen dent. When Charles II. came to the throne, J. Winthrop, jun., succeeded, in 1662, in obtaining a most liberal charter, which constituted Connecticut so completely a self- governed colony that no changes wera needed in the instrument when she became one of the American States. Nor was it altered till 1818. From 1685 to 1687 James IL made strenuous efforts to take away all the New England charters ; and in the latter year, Sir E. Andross, the royally appointed governor, came to Hartford while the Assembly was sitting, and demanded the charter. It was, however, concealed in the famous charter oak ; and, at the dethronement of James II. in 1689 (after a year and a half of oppressive rule by Andross), the colonial Government resumed its functions as if nothing had happened. From the union of the colonies, Hartford was the seat of Govern ment till 1701, from which date it shared the honour with New Haven until 1874, when it became the sole capital. The code, commonly called the Blue Laws of Connecticut, is now generally considered to have been a forgery by the Rev. Samuel Peters. The early statutes were not peculiarly severe or intolerant, and no case of execution for witchcraft is known. During the French and Indian wars Connecticut supplied her full quota of soldiers; and, during the revolt of the colonies, she furnished more men in proportion to her population, and more aid in proportion to her wealth, than any other colony. A few days before the Declaration of Independence she instructed her delegates to propose such a measure. The efficient and wise governor at the time, whom Washington used to call Brother Jonathan (Trumbull), has bequeathed his nickname to the country. Connecticut ratified the U.S. Constitution, January 9, 1788, being the fifth colony to do so. She took an active part in the war of 1812, though it cost the ruin of her West India and coasting trade. The present constitution was adopted in 1818, doing away with slavery, and being otherwise remarkable for its liberality and wisdom. It has been considerably amended to meet the needs of increased and differently distri buted population, and of industrial progress. Under Governor Buckingham the State took a very prominent part in the civil war of 1861-65. She furnished 54,882 men, mostly for three years ; and the war expenses, not only of the State and towns, but of private individuals, were enormous. The administration of the government since has been unusually honest and cautious., owing to the even balance of the political parties who alternate in its conduct. There is no just and complete history of the State, but its records from 1636 are preserved, and furnish the best source of information. The general histories of Bancroft and .Palfrey, and the special ones of Trumbull, Hollister, and Barber, present the history very fairly down to the present century. There is a bulky history of Connecticut during the War of 1861-65, by Crofut and Morris. In Hartford is an enterprising Historical Society with some published collections. The Reports of the Board of Education are
valuable in this connection.CONNEMARA, a wild and picturesque district in the west of Galway, Ireland, indented by numerous bays from the Atlantic, whence it derives its name. It corresponds in boundary with the barony of Ballinahinch, lying between the bays of Kilkieran and Ballinakill; but the name is often applied in a general way to the whole western division of county Galway.
CONNOR, Bernard (1666-1698), physician, was born in Kerry, Ireland. He studied medicine at Montpellier, and afterwards at Paris. Having travelled through Italy with the two sons of the high chancellor of Poland, lie was introduced at the court of Warsaw, and appointed physician to John Sobieski, king of Poland. In 1695 he visited England, and read a course of lectures on physiology in London and Oxford. He was afterwards elected member of the Royal Society and College of Physicians, and was invited to Cambridge, where he also delivered public lectures. He was the author of a treatise entitled Evan- geliiim Medici (the Physician s Gospel), in which ho endeavoured to explain the Christian miracles as due to natural causes. He also wrote a History of Poland in 2 vols.
CONOLLY, John (1794-1867), physician, studied medicine at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1821, He settled in practice at Chichester, whence he removed to Stratford-on-Avon. In 1827 he was appointed, when only thirty-three years of age, professor of practice of physic in University College, London. This chair he resigned after holding it four years. Subsequently he practised medicine in Warwick until 1839, in which year he was elected resident physician to the Middlesex County Asylum at Hanwell. It was in this capacity that Conolly made his name famous, by carrying out in its entirety and on a large scale the principle of non-restraint in the treat ment of the insane.. This principle had been acted on in two small asylums the Retreat near York, and the Lincoln Asylum; but it v;as due to the philanthropic energy of Conolly in sweeping away all mechanical restraint in the great metropolitan lunatic hospital, in the face of strong opposition, that the principle became diffused over the whole kingdom, and accepted as funda mental. Dr Conolly was granted the degree of D.C.L. by the University of Oxford in 1851, in acknowledgment of these services. He died in 1867. See a memoir by Sir James Clark, Bart., published in 1869.
CONON, an Athenian general. Having already com manded on several occasions, he was chosen as one of the ten generals who superseded Alcibiades in 406 B.C. He was not present at the battle of Arginusse, and consequently he was allowed to remain in command. In 405, however, the Athenian fleet was surprised by Lysander, at yEgospotami, and Conon fled to his friend, Evagoras, king of Cyprus. On the outbreak of the war between Sparta and the Persians, he obtained from King Artaxerxes joint command with Pharnabazus of a Persian fleet. With it in 394 B.C. he defeated the Lacedaemonians near Cnidos, and thus deprived them of the empire of the sea, which they had held since the taking of Athens. Sailing down^the ^Egean to Athens, he expelled the Lacedaemonian harmosts from most of the maritime towns, and finally completed his services to his country by restoring the long walls and the fortifications of the Pirseeus. According to one account, he was put to death by Tiribazus, when on an embassy from Athens to the Persian court ; but it seems more prob able that he escaped to Cyprus, where he had considerable property, and that he died there a natural death. See Greece.
CONRAD. For the four emperors of this name, see Germany.
IV. and Elizabeth of Bavaria, was at the death of his father an infant some two years old. His uncle, Manfred, the illegitimate son of Frederick II., declared himself his
champion, but, having recovered the Two Sicilies, himself
