After rendering important services in India, Sir Colin Campbell returned home in 1853. Next year the Crimean war broke out, and he accepted the command of the Highland brigade, which formed the left wing of the duke of Cambridge s division. The success of the British at the Alma was mainly due to his intrepidity ; and with his " thin red line" of Highlanders he repulsed the Russian attack on Balaklava. At the close of the war Sir Colin was promoted to be Knight Grand Cross of the Bath, and elected honorary D.C.L. of Oxford. His military services, however, had as yet met with tardy recognition ; but, when the crisis came, his true worth was appreciated. The outbreak of the Indian Mutiny called for a general of tried experience; and on July 11, 1857, the command was offered to him by Lord Palmerston. On being asked when he would be ready to set out, the veteran replied, " Within twenty-four hours." He was as good as his word; he left England the next evening, and reached Calcutta on August 13. The position was one of unusual difficulty, but his energy and resource did not fail for a moment. Having formed an army as hastily as possible, he marched with 6000 men and 36 guns to the relief of Lucknow. The odds against him were great, and nothing save con summate dexterity of manoeuvring could have achieved success. When the British guns were silenced by the fire of the rebels, Sir Colin himself headed the final assault, carried the fort, and saved the besieged. He afterwards, by his skilful tactics, thoroughly defeated the enemy, and captured their strongholds, thus crushing the mutiny and preserving the British rule in India. For these services he was raised to the peerage iu 1858, by the title of Lord Clyde ; and returning to England in the next year he re ceived the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. He enjoyed a pension of 2000 a year until his death, which
occurred on the 14th of August 1863.Lord Clyde possessed in abundant measure all the qualities which go to make a successful general. He com bined the daring of the subaltern with the calm prudence of the veteran commander. The soldiers whom he led were devotedly attached to him ; and his courteous demeanour and manly independence of character won him unvarying respect. Though adequate recognition of his merits came slowly, he never allowed any feeling of pique to interfere with duty; and he deserves to be regarded as one of the most distinguished generals that Britain has produced.
CLYTÆMNESTRA, the daughter of Tyndareus and Leda, and wife of Agamemnon. See Agamemnon.
CNIDUS, now Tekir, an ancient city of Caria, in Asia Minor, situated at the extremity of the long peninsula that forms the southern side of the Sinus Ceramicus, or Gulf of Cos. It was built partly on the mainland and partly on the Island of Triopion, or Cape Krio, which anciently com municated with the continent by a causeway and biidge, and- is now permanently connected by a narrow sandy isth mus. By means of the causeway the channel between island and mainland was formed into two harbours, of which the larger, or southern, now known as port Freano, was further enclosed by two strongly-built moles that are still in good part entire. The extreme length of the city was little less than a mile, and the whole intramural area is still thickly strewn with architectural remains. The walls, both insular and continental, can be traced throughout their whole circuit ; and in many places, especially round the acropolis, at the north-east corner of the city, they are re markably perfect. Our knowledge of the site" is largely due to the mission of the Dilettanti Society in 1812, and the excavations executed by Mr C. T. Newton in 1857-8. The agora, the theatre, an odeum, a temple of Dionysus, a temple of the Muses, a temple of Venus, and a great number of minor buildings have been identified, and the general plan of the city has been very clearly made out. In a temple- enclosure Mr Newton discovered a fine seated statue of Demeter, which now adorns the British Museum ; and about three miles south-east of the city he came upon the ruins of a splendid tomb, and a colossal figure of a lion carved out of one block of Pentelic marble, 10 feet in length and 6 in height, which has been supposed to commemorate the great naval victory of Conon over the Lacedaemonians in 394 B.C. (see Architecture, vol. ii. p. 412). Among the minor antiquities obtained from the city itself, or the great necropolis to the east, perhaps the most interesting are tha leaden KaTa.Sto-fj.oi, or imprecationary tablets, found in the temple of Demeter, and copied in facsimile in the appendix to the second volume of Newton s work.
Cnidus was a city of high antiquity and probably of Lacedaemonian colonization. Along with Halicarnassus and Cos, and the Rhodian cities of Lindus, Camirus-, and lalysus, it formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which held its confederate assemblies on the Triopian headland, and there celebrated games in honour of Apollo, Poseidon, and the nymphs. The city was at first governed by an oligarchic senate, composed of sixty members, known as d/Ai/i^ioi/es, and presided over by a magistrate called an upca-rijp ; but, though it is proved by inscriptions that the old names con tinued to a very late period, the c nstitution underwent a popular transformation. The situation of the city was favourable for commerce, and the Cnidians acquired con siderable wealth, and were able to colonize the island of Lipara and founded the city of Corcyra Nigra in the Adri atic. They ultimately submitted to Cyrus, and from the battle of Eurymedon to the latter part of the Peloponnesian war they were subject to Athens. The Romans easily ob tained their allegiance, and rewarded them by leaving them the freedom of their city. During the Byzantine period there must still have been a considerable population ; for the ruins contain a large number of buildings belonging to the Byzantine style, and Christian sepulchres are common in the neighbourhood. Eudoxus, the astronomer, Ctesias, the writer on Persian history, and Sostratus, the builder of the celebrated Pharos at Alexandria, are the most remarkable of the Cnidians mentioned in history.
See Beaufort s Ionian Antiquities, 1811, and Karamania, 1818; Hamilton s Researches, 1842 ; Newton s Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, 1865 ; and Waddington in the Revue Xumismatique, 1851.
CNOSSUS, or Gnossus, the most important city of Crete, on the left bank of the Cseratus, a small stream which falls into the sea on the north side of the island. The city was situated at a distance of about 3 miles from the coast, and, according to the old traditions, was founded by Minos, the mythical king of Crete. The locality was associated with a number of the most interesting legends of Grecian mythology, particularly with those which related to Jupiter, who was said to have been born, to have been married, and to have been buried in the vicinity. Cnossus is also assigned as the site of the fabled labyrinth in which the Minotaur was confined, and a physical basis for the legend may perhaps have been found in the caverns and excavations of the district. As the city was originally peopled by Dorians, the manners, customs, and political institutions of its inhabitants were all Dcrian. Along with Gortyna and Cydonia, it held for many years the supremacy over the whole of Crete ; and it always took a prominent part in the civil wars which from time to time desolated the island. When the rest of Crete fell under the Roman dominion, Cnossus shared the same fate, and became a Roman colony. ^Enesidemus, the sceptic philosopher, and Chersiphron, the architect of the temple of Diana at Ephesus, were natives of Cnobsus.
