an entiie revolution in the classification of the animal king dom as previously understood, and as explicitly formulated in the system of Linnaeus. For an artificial and arbitrary classification he substituted a natural arrangement, and he for the first time indicated the true principles upon which a natural classification is. possible. He established the empirical laws of correlation of growth and the subordina tion of different systems of organs, and he showed that the primary laws of all sound classification are to be found only in the anatomical examination of the animals compared. In other words, for the loose, formal, and physiological analogies, which had previously been used as the basis of classification, he substituted the fundamental resemblances of morphological type and homology, and relegated the former to a subordinate place. In no department of systematic zoology were the reforms instituted by Cuvier more conspicuous than in the invertebrates. Linnaeus classified the invertebrates simply by dividing them into the two classes of the Insecta and the Vermes. Cuvier divided the invertebrates into the three sub-kingdoms (" embranchements ") of the Mollusca, the Articulata, and the Radiata- or zoophytes, and split up these again into a number of natural groups or classes. It is true that modern zoologists have almost unanimously agreed on the partition of the Cuvierian " Radiata" into the two sub-kingdoms of the Coelenterata and Protozoa ; though some modern views would almost obliterate any line of demarcation between these, and would thus, in effect, re-establish the Radiata. It is also true that considerable changes have been made in the classes of the lower invertebrates as instituted by Cuvier. It is impossible, however, not to recognize the immense step in advance made by the Cuvierian system of
classification upon that of Linnaaus.Cuvier s contributions to comparative anatomy, in the second place, can be merely glanced at here. Apart from the impulse given to the study of this science by the pub lication of his Lemons d Anaiomie Comparee, it may almost be said that we owe to Cuvier the general recognition that the really essential portion of scientific zoology is compara tive anatomy. As regards special departments, his con tributions to the comparative anatomy of the Mollusca and fishes, and to the osteology of the Mammalia, may be particularly mentioned. As an instance, further, of the manner in which Cuvier employed comparative anatomy as a guide in zoological classification, the sub- kingdom of the Mollusca may be specially singled out, or, if we prefer to a take a minor group, the class of the Cephalopoda.
Lastly, in the department of palaeontology, Cuvier effected a great and notable advance upon his predecessors. The notion that fossils were merely lusus naturce had been already formally abandoned by such men as Leibnitz, Buffon, and Pallas. Daubenton, and subsequently Pallas and Camper, compared the fossil bones of quadrupeds with those of living forms, and the last of these declared his opinion that some of these fossil bones belonged to extinct species of quadrupeds. It is to Cuvier, however, that the world owes the first systematic application of that science of comparative anatomy, which he himself had done so much to place upon a sound basis, to the study of the bones of fossil animals. It is to him that we owe the first complete demonstration that extinct animals could be "reconstructed" from fragmentary remains by availing ourselves of the law of the " correlation of growth ; " though it is true, as pointed out by Professor Huxley, that he rested more implicitly and securely upon this law than its empiric nature and its now proved exceptions would justify at the present day. Cuvier, as a palaeontologist, devoted himself principally to the study of the fossil Mammalia of the Tertiary period, and especially to those of the Eocene basin of Paris ; and the flood of light which he was enabled to throw upon the structure and affinities of these lost forms was mainly derived from a careful and laborious comparison of the extinct types with their nearest living congeners. ..Whatever new victories may be in store for the science of palaeontology, the Ossemeus Fossiles will remain an im perishable monument of the genius and industry of one of the first and of the greatest of the pioneers in this region of human investigation.
Bibliography.—Eloge historique de G. Cuvier, by M. Flonrens, published as an introduction to the iSlogcs Historiques of Cuvier. Histoire des Travaux de Georges Cuvier, by M. Flourens, 3d ed. Paris, 1858. " Mort de G. Cuvier," by De Candolle, a notice in the BibliotMque Univcrsellc, t. xlix. p. 442, Geneva, 1832 ; Article "Cuvier" in Biograpliie Univcrsclle, supp. t. Ixi. p. 588, Paris, 1836, by Laurillard. Memoirs of Cuvier, by Sarah Lee, London, translated into French by Lacerdaire in 1833.
CUXHAVEN, or Kuxhafen, a small seaport-town of Northern Germany, at the mouth of the Elbe, on its left bank, 58 miles W.N.W. of Hamburg, in the detached bailiwick of Ritzebiittel, which forms part of the territory belonging to Hamburg. It has nearly 3900 inhabitants, chiefly pilots and fishermen. The harbour is good and secure, and is much frequented by vessels delayed in the Elbe by unfavourable weather ; it is also the starting point of the Hamburg steamers when the river is frozen over. There is regular communication by diligence with Bremerhafen, and by river with Hamburg. Though lying on a bare strand, the town is much frequented as a bathing- place by Hamburgers.
CUYABÁ, or Cuiabá, the capital of the Brazilian inland province of Matto Grosso, in 15 20 S. lat. and 56 W. long., or almost in the heart of the South American continent. It lies about a mile from the left bank of the Cuyaba river, one of the head streams of the Paraguay, at 250 miles by river from the confluence with the main stream, and about 2400 miles from the estuary of the Plata. Its churches, public buildings, and dwelling-houses are generally well- built of brick or of adobe, or of blocks of a conglomerate of pebbles arid red clay, plastered and tiled. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a military station and depot, and an arsenal for the construction of small vessels for the protec tion of the rivers. As early as 1722 a number of Portuguese, attracted by the discovery of gold, formed the settlement of Senhor Bom Jesus de Cuyaba, and two years later, such was the influx of population, it was raised to the rank of a city by the governor of Sao Paulo. Its prosperity dates, however, from 1856, when the navigability of the upper tributaries of the Paraguay had been demonstrated, and when the outlet by the rivers took the place of the former toilsome caravan passage overland to the Atlantic towns arid ports. Now a regular fortnightly line of Brazilian steamers unites Monte Video and Rio with Curumba on the Upper Paraguay, whence, after the collec tion of custom duties, the goods are transshipped in smaller steamers and boats to Cuyabd. The chief import trade is in manufactured goods, hardwares, and salt ; the exports are hides, cattle, ipecacuanha, vanilla, and some diamonds. Other products of the district of Cuyaba are manioc, rice, maize, sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee, and beans. The popu lation is estimated at from 18,000 to 20,000.
The Cuyaba river is navigable from 14: 49 S., and from its proximity at this point to the navigation of the Tapajos by its tributary the Arinos, is probably destined to form part of a great future highway between the Amazon and La Plata. Proof of the practicability of this route was afforded by the portage of large canoes, laden with merchandize from Para, across the water-parting to the Cuyabd river in 1846.
