city-walls and towers. Great damage has been inflicted within modern times by the spoliation of the Turks, who have carried off the ancient materials for the erection of public edifices in Constantinople. The coins of Cyzicus have been found in large numbers, and are of great interest to the numismatist for the light they furnish on the history of ancient coinage. They were current at Athens and other parts of Greece ; and the device by which they were frequently distinguished probably gave rise to the proverb
about bribery There is an ox on his tongue, (3ov<s ...CZACKI, Tadeusz (1765-1813), a Polish statesman and author, who did much for the spread of education in Poland, was born at Poryck in Volhynia, of good family. After being educated at Cracow, he went to court and gained the favour of the king, Stanislas A.ugustus Poniatowski, by whom he has appointed to several high dignities. In the diet which sat from 1788 to 1792 he took a prominent place, and he was one of the advocates of the constitution which was passed in May 1791. Con sequently his property was confiscated by the Czarina Catherine IL It was, however, restored by her successor Paul I. ; and Alexander I. appointed him councillor. The great aim of Czacki s life was now to further education in Poland. In 1805 he opened a school at Krzemienietz, which was soon filled by about 600 pupils of both sexes, and he effected the establishment of a very large number of schools in other parts of the country. He also assisted iu the foundation of the Scientific Society of Warsaw, and the Polish Commerical Society. He was twice examined by Russian commissions on a charge of having disseminated views hostile to Russia, but on both occasions he was acquitted. His chief school, that at Krzemienietz, was destroyed by the French invasion of 1812. In the February of the next year Czacki died at Dubno. A statue was raised to his memory, and placed in the library at Krzemienietz.
Among the works of Czacki, the treatise on Polish and Lithuanian law, which is full of valuable information on many subjects con nected with these countries (Warsaw, 1801, Brcslau 1835), and those on the Jews, gypsies, and the statistics of Poland, deserve special mention. See the lives of Czacki by his friends Polacki and Motowski (the latter of which appeared in the supplement to the Biographie Universelle), which, however, differ considerably as to the facts of his life; that by Osinski (Krzemienietz, 1816) ; and the Dictionary of Learned Poles, by Chokodynicki (1823).
CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam George (1770-1861), a principal actor in the Polish revolution of 1830, was born at Warsaw, January 14, 1770. He was the eldest son of Prince Adam Casimir Czartoryski ; and, after receiving a careful education in his father s house, he completed his studies in France and Great Britain, spending some time at Edinburgh University and in London. On his return to Poland he entered the public service, and in the war occasioned by the second partition of Poland he fought bravely against the Russians. In 1795 he was sent, with his brother Constantine, as a hostage to St Petersburg. Here he became the intimate friend of ths grand duke (afterwards emperor) Alexander; and in 1797 he was appointed ambassador to the court of Sardinia. This office he held about five years ; and in 1802 Alexander I. named him assistant at the ministry of foreign affairs. In this capacity he was present at the battle of Austerlitz, sub scribed a treaty with Great Britain, and accompanied the czar in the campaign of 1807 and at the conferences of Tilsit. He then retired from public life ; but in 1812 was again by the side of the emperor, and accompanied him to Paris in 1814. Prince Adam George had been named curator of the new university of Wilna in 1803, a post which he held for nearly twenty years ; and during this period, while outwardly loyal to the Russian Government, his influence powerfully contributed to keep alive and in tensify the patriotic spirit of his countrymen. In 1815 he was named senator palatine of the kingdom. He attended the first diet, and spoke bravely and hopefully in favour of constitutional government ; but his efforts were fruitless, and his hopes vanished.
In 1821 charges of disaffection and sedition were made against the students of Wilna, and very severe measures were taken, many being imprisoned, and others sent to Siberia, or compelled to serve in the army. Prince Adam George interceded for the young men, but was not listened to. He consequently resigned his office of curator, and for the next nine years he remained in retirement. The revolution of 1830 once more brought him to the front. He became president of the provisional government of Poland, convoked the diet, and when the throne was declared vacant was chosen head of the national govern ment (January 1831). He continued to hold the presidency till the terrible and decisive days of August (15th and 16th), and then served as a common soldier in the final struggles, in which once more, by the overwhelming forces of Russia and the disintegrating forces of internal dissen sion, Poland fell. The prince patriot escaped to Paris. He was excluded by name from the amnesty of 1831, and his estates in Poland were confiscated. The large revenue of his Gallician estates, however, enabled him to maintain the position of a noble of the highest rank. He enjoyed the unbounded esteem of his countrymen, and was the recog nized head of Polish society at Paris. In 1848 he granted freedom to the peasants on his estates in Gallicia, and gave them their lands in fee. He died at Paris, July 15, 1861.
CZASLAU, or Caslau, a town of Bohemia, the chief place of the circle of the same name, situated near the left bank of an affluent of the Elbe, in a fertile plain 48 miles E.S.E. of Prague, on the North-west Railway from Vienna. The church is surmounted by a lofty spire, the highest in Bohemia, and contains the tomb of the celebrated Hussite leader Ziska, who died in 1424. Here (or more accurately at the village of Chotusitz, 2J miles north of this) Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians, May 17, 1742. Population in 1869, 5998, chiefly agriculturists.
CZECHS, or phonetically Tchekhs, a large branch of the Slavonic race, which includes the Bohemians or Czechs proper, the Hannacks or Moravians, and the Slovacks. Besides forming the predominant element in Bohemia and Moravia, where they are estimated respectively at 2,930,000 and 1,352,000, they contribute 614,000 to the population of Hungary, where they are mainly settled on the N.W. frontiers, 93,000 to Austrian Silesia, 60,000 to Prussian Silesia, and a considerable percentage to Austria proper, Bukowina, and Slavonia. See Bohemia.
CZEGLED, a market town or large village of Hungary, in the district of Pesth, and 38 miles south-east of that city, situated on the bare sandy and infertile plain which extends between the Danube and Theiss. Some parts of the sur rounding country yield large quantities of red wine, and this, with the cultivation of maize and millet and beer brew ing, gives the occupation and trade of the place. Popula tion of commune in 1869, 22,216.
two small contiguous towns of Poland, in the circle of the same name and the government of Piotrkov, on the left br>nk of the Warta, 130 miles S.W. of Warsaw, and on the railway between that city and Cracow. Population of the two (1867), 14,167. The towns derive their importance from a celebrated monastery situated on the eminence called the Jasno Gura above them. This monastery, which is sui- rounded by a small fortress, has a fine church with a chapel dedicated to the Virgin, containing a famous and much-vener
ated picture of the mother of Christ, which according to
