Detroit was settled by the French early in the 18th century, and passed into the hands of the English in 1763. It was then besieged for eleven months by the Indian chief, Pontiac. Ceded to the Americans in 1783, it was not occupied by them till 1796. It was incorporated as a city in 1824, and was the capital of Michigan from 1837 to 1847, when that honour was transferred to Lansing.
DEUCALION, in Greek legend, corresponds to the
Biblical Noah. A great flood had destroyed the whole
race of men except Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, who
saved themselves in a boat or ark, from which they landed
on Mount Othrys, or, as it was afterwards said, on Mount
Parnassus. They were then commanded by Zeus to cast
behind them the bones of their mother, i.e., the stones of
the hill side, and from the stones thrown by Deucalion
sprang men, from those thrown by Pyrrha, women. Hence
men were called Xaot, " stone race." Deucalion s son
Hellen was the founder of the race of Hellenes. The chief
locality of this legend was Thessaly ; it existed also at
Dodona, where Deucalion was thought to have introduced
the worship of Zeus.
DEUTERONOMY. See Pentateuch.
DEUTSCH, EMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873),
an eminent Oriental scholar, was born on the 28th of
October 1829, at Neisse, a town in Prussian Silesia. He
was of Jewish extraction ; and the family had been
settled in his native place for several generations.
When six years old, Emanuel began to attend the
gymnasium of Neisse, and continued a pupil for two
years ; after which, in compliance with the earnest wish
of his uncle, David Deutsch of Mislowitz, the charge
of the boy s education was transferred to him. Rabbi
Deutsch was a first-rate scholar, deeply learned in the
Talmud, with stern ideas of duty, as we may infer from the
fact that he made his nephew rise the whole ysar round at
5 o clock, study for the first two hours, and then spend an
hour in prayer, before allowing him to taste food or light
a fire. The rest of the day, with the exception of half an
hour for exercise and recreation, was devoted to hard study.
This dull routine, which proved at once the foundation of
his accurate scholarship and of his ill-health, continued till
Emanuel was thirteen years old, when he returned to
Neisse, to solemnize his religious majority (Bar-mitzva).
He proceeded once more to the gymnasium, where he
enrolled in the highest class. On reaching his sixteenth
year he began his studies in Berlin University, paying
special attention to theology and the Talmud. Indeed the
Talmud was seldom absent from his thoughts ; and, after
his death, a great accumulation of papers was found, con
taining parts of it, copied or translated, beginning in a
child s hand-writing, and reaching down to a comparatively
late period. Deutsch supported himself by teaching, and,
about two years after going to Berlin, wrote some stories and
poems on Jewish subjects for magazines. He also mastered
the English language and studied English literature. In
1855 Deutsch was offered an appointmentas assistant in the
library of the British Museum, which he gladly accepted.
" For nigh twenty years," he says, " it was my privilege to
dwell in the very midst of that pantheon called the British
Museum, the treasures whereof, be they Egyptian, Home
ric, palimpsest, or Babylonian cuneiforms, the mutilated
glories of the Parthenon, or the Etruscan mysterious
grotesqueness, were all at my beck and call, all days, all
hours." He worked intensely, always aiming at a book on
the Talmud as his master-piece, and contributed no less
than 190 papers to Chambers s Encyclopaedia, in addition
to essays in Kitto s and Smith s Biblical Dictionaries, and
articles in periodicals. In October 1867 his article on
"The Talmud," published in the Quarterly Review, at once
made him famous. It was translated, within twelve months,
into French, German, Russian, Swedish, Dutch, and
Danish. He was passionately desirous of travelling in the
East ; and, having obtained leave of absence for ten weeks,
he left England on the 7th of March 1869. The rapidity
and fatigue of the journey permanently injured his health ;
but he thoroughly enjoyed his visit to Palestine, where his
intense patriotism and finely-strung poetical nature found
much food for reflection. Never, to the end of his life,
did he mention his visit to the Wailing Place of the Jews
in Jerusalem without profound emotion. He reached
England on the 10th of May, submitted a valuable report
of his travels to the trustees of the British Museum, and
delivered a number of lectures, chiefly on Phoenicia. His
article on " Islam" appeared in the Quarterly Revieiv for
October 1869; and, at the same time, overwork, the con
sciousness of approaching ill-health, and the death of
attached friends brought on terrible depression. Broken
health continued to drag him down ; and, in the autumn of
1872, his old longing for the East returned so powerfully
upon him that, after obtaining six months leave, he left for
Italy and Egypt. There a cold moist winter told severely
on his health. On the 30th of March 1873, he reached
Cairo, and was ultimately removed to Alexandria, where,
becoming rapidly worse, he died on the 12th of May.
He was buried next day in the Jewish cemetery in
Alexandria, where a granite stone marks his resting-
place. Deutsch was one of the hardest workers of the
century, and added to his own special studies of Sanskrit,
Chaldaic, Aramaic, and Phoenician, a remarkable acquaint
ance with English literature. His Literary Remains,
edited by Lady Strangford, were published in 1874,
consisting of nineteen papers on such subjects as " The
Talmud," "Islam," "Semitic Culture," "Egypt, Ancient and
Modern," "Semitic Languages," "The Targums," "The
Samaritan Pentateuch," and " Arabic Poetry."
DEUTSCHKRONE, Arenskrone, or Walcz, a town
of Prussia, at the head of a district in the government of
Marienwerder, situated between the two lakes of Arens
and Radau, about 15 miles north-west of Schneidemiihl, a
railway junction 60 miles north of Posen. Besides being
the seat of the public offices for the district, it possesses a
Jewish synagogue, and a progymnasium established in the
old Jesuit College ; and it manufactures woollens, tiles,
brandy, and beer. Population in 1871, 6146.
DEUTZ (Latin, Tuitium), an old town of Rhenish
Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Cologne,
with which it is connected by two bridges. It contains
the church of St Heribert, built in the 17th century, a
Protestant church, cavalry barracks, artillery magazines,
and gas, porcelain, machine, and carriage factories. The
fortifications of the town form part of the defences of
Cologne. The population in 1875 was 14,513. To the
east of Deutz is the manufacturing suburb of Kalk, with
about 8,500 inhabitants. The old castle in Deutz was in
1002 made a Benedictine monastery by Heribert, archbishop
of Cologne. Permission to fortify tke town was in 1230
granted to the citizens by the archbishop of Cologne,
between whom and the counts of Berg it was in 1240
divided. It was burnt in 1376, 1445, and 1583 ; and in
1678, after the peace of Nimeguen, the fortifications were
demolished. They were rebuilt in 1816. See COLOGNE.
DEUX PONTS, in German Zweibrücken, and in Latin
Bipontium, a town of Bavaria, in the Palatinate, 50 miles
west of Spires, on the Erbach, which ultimately finds its
way to the Moselle. Besides a court of appeal for the
Palatinate, a penitentiary, and various administrative
offices, it possesses a public library, a gymnasium, and a
synagogue. Its most important buildings are the old ducal
palace, greatly damaged by the French in the 18th century,
