1629, was first published by his nephew, Paul Bowes, in 1682. His means had been considerably increased by his marriage with an heiress in 1626, soon after which he pro cured the honour of knighthood. One of his many foibles was a desire to establish for himself an aristocratic lineage, and his efforts to do this, in spite of the fact he is forced to admit, that he does not know who his great-grandfather was, are very amusing. In 1639 he became high sheriff of Suffolk, and in 1641 he was made a baronet. In the inter vening year he entered the Long Parliament as member for Sudbury. Here he obtained a peculiar place for him self by his whimsicality, and his parade of his knowledge of records, which he quoted at first in nearly every debate, sometimes relevantly, but oftener not. He was treated for a time with a sort of amused tolerance, but ultimately his innumerable interferences with the conduct of business had to be checked. He was not a very warm adherent of the cause of the Parliament against the king. Belonging to the Presbyterian section of the Puritan party, he was excluded from the House of Commons by " Pride s Purge " in 1648. He died on the 18th April 1650. The Autobiography and Correspondence of Sir Simonds D'Ewes, edited by J. O. Halliwell, was published in 1845, and possesses considerable historical value. Much more important, how ever, are his manuscript notes of the Long Parliament, describing its sittings between 1640 and 1645 with great graphic power and minuteness of detail. They form five volumes of the Harleian manuscripts in the British Museum, and have been largely drawn upon by John Forster and other writers on the period of the Long Parliament.
DE WETTE, WILHELM MARTIN LEBERECHT (1780-
1849), a distinguished German theologian, was born on the
12th January 1780, at Ulla, near Weimar, where his father
was clergyman. After receiving his preliminary education
at a local school he was sent to the gymnasium at Weimar,
a town which was then at the height of its literary glory.
Here, as he himself testified in glowing terms many years
later, he was much influenced by intercourse with Herder,
who as " ephorus " frequently visited the gymnasium and
examined the pupils. In 1799 he entered on his
theological studies at the university of Jena, his principal
teachers being Griesbach and Paulus, from the latter of
whom more than any other he derived the tendency to free
critical inquiry which characterized him as an expositor.
Herder and Paulus were thus in some sense his spiritual
fathers, but the relationship was entirely one of spirit and
airn ; in method arid results he occupied an independent
and almost solitary position among German theologians.
Having taken his doctor s degree, De Wette at once com
menced, according to German custom, the career of a
" privat-docent " at Jena, which, however, he was not
permitted to continue long. In 1807 he became professor
of theology at Heidelberg, and in 1810 he was transferred
to a similar chair in the newly-founded university of
Berlin, from which he was dismissed in 1819 on account
of his having written a letter of consolation to the mother
of Sand, the murderer of Kotzebue. The letter was
defensible, though it drew a distinction between the
morality of the deed and of the doer which many were not
prepared to admit, and a petition in its author s favour was
presenter! by the senate of the university. The king, how
ever, proved inexorable, and a decree was issued not only
depriving De Wette of the chair, but banishing him from
the Prussian kingdom. He retired for a time to Weimar,
where he occupied his enforced leisure in the preparation
of his edition of Luther, and in writing the romance
Theodoroder die Weilie des Zioeiflers (Berlin, 1822), in which
he-describes the education of an evangelical pastor. Dur
ing tin s period he made his first essay in preaching, and
proved himself to be possessed of very popular gifts. An
invitation to a pastoral charge in Brunswick was under hi*
consideration, when the offer in 1822 of the chair of
theology in the university of Basel, which had been re
organized four years before, opened up to him a still more
congenial sphere. Though his appointment had been
strongly opposed by the orthodox party, De Wette soon
won for himself a position of great influence both in the
university and in the community of Basel. He was early
admitted a citizen, and received many proofs of the esteem
of his fellow-townsmen ; and the university owed much of
its recovered strength, particularly in the theological faculty,
to his individual efforts. He died on the 16th June
1849, being rector of the university at the time.
De Wette s chief work as a theologian was in the
department of biblical criticism and exegesis, though he
made valuable contributions to other branches of theology.
In fact his range was unusually extensive, and he did much
by precept as well as by example to widen the limits of
theological culture. He had considerable poetic faculty,
and wrote a drama in three acts, entitled Die Entsagung
(Berlin, 1823). He had an intelligent interest in art, and
devoted much attention to ecclesiastical music and
architecture. As a biblical critic he is sometimes classed
with the destructive school, but his position was unique,
and cannot be accurately defined by merely referring
him to a leader or a school. In the work of interpretation
he strove to keep himself entirely free from dogmatic
prepossessions, and he was fearless in recognizing and
grappling with difficulties ; but he was prevented by his
deeper spirituality from identifying himself with the hard
and uncompromising rationalism of Paulus, and on the
other hand his unfettered critical method separated him
distinctly from the supernaturalist or strictly orthodox
school of interpreters. Thus it has happened that each
school has classed him with the followers of the other, as
he himself predicted would be the case in the preface
to his Christliche Sittenlehre. His works are generally
admitted to be marked by great exegetical skill, unusual
power of condensation, and uniform fairness. Accordingly
they possess an element of permanent value which is little
affected by the progress of criticism. The following is a
list of the most important of them :—
Bcitrage zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament (2 voln. 1806-7) ;
Commcntar uber die Psalmen (1811), which has passed through
several editions, and is still regarded as of high authority ; Lehrbuch
der Hebrdisch-jildischen Archccologie (1814) ; Ueber Religion und
Thcologie (1815), a work of great importance as showing its author s
general theological position ; Lehrbuch der Christlichen Dogmatik
(1813-16) ; Christliche Sittenlehre (1819-21) ; Einleitung in das
Neue Testament (1836); Religion, ihr Wcsen, Hire Erscheinungs-
form, und ihre Einfluss auf das Leben (1827); Dns Wesen des
Christlichen Glaubens (1846); and Kurzgefasstcs cxcgeti-srhcs Hand-
luch zumNeucn Testament (1848). De Wette also edited Luther s
works.
See Hagenbach in Herzog s Real-Encyclopadic, Liicke s W. M.
L. De Wette, ziir frcitndschafllichcr Erimicrung (IS50), andSchen-
kel s W. M. L. De Wette und die Bedeutung seiner Theologie fur
unsere Zeit (1849).
DE WINTER, JAN WILLEM (1750-1812), Dutch
admiral, was born at the Texel in 1750. He entered the
navy at the age of twelve, but after twenty-five years of
honourable service he had attained no higher rank than
that of lieutenant. In 1787 he took part with the Revolu
tionists, and on the failure of their efforts fled to France.
He then entered the French army, and served under
Dumouriez and Pichegru in the campaigns of 1792 and
1793. In 1795 he returned to Holland and was appointed
rear-admiral. In the following year he attained the rank
of vice-admiral, and was named commander of the fleet at
the Texel. The most memorable event in his career was the
battle of the Texel, fought on the llth of October 1797, in
which after a gallant struggle the Dutch fleet was defeated
