stance. It has upwards of 8000 inhabitants, ranks as the principal market-place in the Vorarlberg, and carries on iron and copper smelting and the manufacture of cotton
cloth and worked muslin.DOROGOBUSH, a town of Russia in Europe, in the government of Smolensk, about 55 miles E. of the city of that name, on the banks of the Dnieper, in 54 55 N. lat. and 33 17 E. long. It has twelve churches, and still preserves its ancient earthen fortress, with its ramparts and ditch, within the precincts of which are situated the cathedral, the courthouse, and two victualling stores. Its manufactures are of no importance, but it maintains an extensive trade with various parts of Russia, and even with foreign countries, in tallow, leather, and hemp. First mentioned in 1300 as the object of a contest between Alexander of Smolensk and Andrew of Viasma, Dorogobush continued through the 13th century to share in the vicissitudes of the neighbouring principalities, passed in the 15th successively into the power of the Lithuanians and the Poles, and was finally united with Russia in 1667. It was partially burned by the French on their retreat from Moscow. Population in 1873, 7905, of whom only a very few are Catholics and Jews.
DOROGOI, or Dorohoi, a town of Roumania, in the northern part of Moldavia, about 80 miles north-west of Jassy, on the Shiska, a tributary of ^the Pruth. It has about 10,000 inhabitants, a large transit trade with the products of Northern Europe, and several important annual fairs ; but its buildings are of a poor description.
DOROTHEUS, a professor of jurisprudence in the law school of Berytus in Syria, and one of the three commis sioners appointed by the emperor Justinian to draw up a book of Institutes, after the model of the Institutes of Gaius, which should serve as an introduction to the Digest already completed. His colleagues were Tribonian and Theophilus, and their work was accomplished in 533. Dorotheas was subsequently the author of a commentary on the Digest, which is called the Index, and was published by him in 542. Fragments of this commentary, which was in the Greek language, have been preserved in the Scholia appended to the body of law compiled by order of the emperor Basilius the Macedonian and his son Leo the Wise, in the 9th century, known as the Basilica, from which it seems probable that the commentary of Dorotheus contained the substance of a course of lectures on the Digest delivered by him in the law school of Berytus, although it is not cast in a form so precisely didactic as the Index of Theophilus.
DORP, a town of Prussia, in the government of Diisseldorf, 17 miles north-east of Cologne, v/hich, like Barmen and many other towns in the valley of the Wupper, has since 1849 rapidly grown into importance as a centre of manufacturing industry. Tobacco, paper, steel, and iron wares are the principal objects of its activity. In 1872 the population amounted to 10,689.
DORPAT, in German frequently Dorpt, in Russian Derpt or Yurieff, in Esthonian Tartoma, a city of Russia in Europe, in the government of Livonia, situated on both banks of the Embach, 157 miles north-east of Riga, in 58 23 N. lat. and 26 23 E. long. The principal part of the town lies to the south of the river, and the more important buildings are clustered round the two eminences known as the Domberg and the Schlossberg, which, in the Middle Ages, were occupied by the citadel, the cathedral, the episcopal palace, the monastery, and the houses of the wealthier inhabitants. Owing to the great conflagration of 1777, the actual town is almost entirely of modern erection ; and its fortifications have been transformed into pro menades. Besides one Roman Catholic, three Lutheran, and two Russian churches, a hospital, and an orphanage, a veterinary institute founded in 1846, the economical society of Livonia, an Esthonian learned society, and a medico- physical society, it possesses a famous university, with an observatory, an anatomical theatre, a botanical garden, and a library of about 250,000 volumes, which are housed in a restored portion of the cathedral, burned down in 1596.
This university, which renders the town the great intellectual centre of Livonia, preserves the Teutonic tradi tions of its earlier days, and is much more German than Russian in its culture. It was founded by Gustavus Adolpbus in 1632; but in 1699 teachers and students removed to Pernau on the advance of the Russians, and on the occupation of the country by Peter the Great again took flight to Sweden. In spite of the stipulation of the treaty of 1710 and the efforts of the Livonian nobles, it was not till 1802 that its restoration was effected under the patronage of Alexander I. ; but since that date its history has been one of considerable prosperity. It possesses 42 ordinary professors, a total teaching staff of 73 members, and upwards of 800 students. The astronomical department is especially famous, owing partly to the labours of Otto Struve, and partly to its possession of Frauenhofer s great refracting telescope, pre sented by the emperor Alexander I. The manufacturing industry of the town is very slight, but it carries on a good trade, and has six great markets in the year. Population in 1873, 20,780.
The foundation of Dorpat is ascribed to the grand duke Yaroslaff I., and is dated 1030. In 1223 the town was seized by the Teutonic Knights, and in the following year Bishop Hermann erected a cathedral on the Domberg. From that date till about 1559, the greatest prosperity was achieved under the patronage of the independent episcopal see, and the population reached as high as 50,000. In 1559, the town was captured by the Russians under Peter Ivan Shiuski, but in 1582 it was yielded by treaty to Stephen Bathori of Poland. In 1600, it fell into the hands of the Swedes, in 1603 reverted to the Poles, and in 1625 was seized by Gustavua Adolphus. The Russians again obtained possession in 1666, but once more yielded before the Swedes, and did not effect a permanent occupation till 1703. In 1708 the bulk of the population was removed to the interior of Russia ; but before long the town began to receive better treatment from the victors, and when in 1777 it suffered so severely from the conflagration already mentioned, it obtained valuable assistance in the work of restoration from Catherine II.
(1798–1852), a celebrated leader of society in Paris and London, who added to the attractions of dandyism those of high intellectual and artistic gifts, was born at Paris in 1798. He was the son of General D Orsay, from whom he inherited the exceptionally handsome person which contributed so much to his social success. Through his mother he was grandson by a morganatic marriage of the king of Wurtem- berg. In his youth he entered the French army, and served as a garde du corps of Louis XVIII. In 1822, while stationed at Valence on the Rhone, he formed that acquaintance with the earl of Blessington and his family which affected the whole course of his future life. " The acquaintance quickly ripened into intimacy, and at the in vitation of the earl he accompanied the party on their tour through Italy. In the spring of 1823 he met Lord Byron at Genoa, and the published correspondence of the poet at this period contains numerous references to the count s gifts and accomplishments, and to his peculiar relationship to the Blessington family. A diary which D Orsay had kept during a visit to London in 1821–2 was submitted to Byron s inspection, and was much praised by him for the knowledge of men and manners and the keen faculty of observation it displayed. On the 4th December 1827, Count D Orsay married Lady Harriet Gardiner, a girl of fifteen, the daughter of Lord Blessington by his first wife. The union, if it rendered his connection with the
Blessington family less ostensibly equivocal than before,
