was allowed to retain this office ; but having been sent during the hundred days into the department of the Moselle to organize the defence of that district, he was punished at the second Restoration by a few months of neglect. He was soon after, however, readmitted into the council of state, where he distinguished himself by the prudence and conciliatory tendency of his views. In 1819 he opened at the law-school of Paris a class of public and administrative Jaw, which in 1822 was suppressed by Government, but was re-opened six years later under the Martignac ministry. In 1837 the Government acknowledged the long and important services which De Gerando had rendered to his country by raising him to the peerage. He died in Paris, November 9, 1842, at the age of seventy.
De Gerando s works are very numerous. That by which he is best known now, and which constitutes his chief title to posthumous fame, is his Histoire Compares des S//st ernes de Philosophic relahvement aux principes des Connaissances Humaines, of which the first edition appeared at Paris in 1804, in 3 vols. 8vo. The germ of this work had already appeared in the author s Memoire de la Generation des Connaissancei Humaines, crowned by the Academy of Berlin, and published at Berlin in 1802. In this work De Gerando, after a rapid review of ancient and modern speculations ou the origin of our ideas, singles out the theory of primary ideas, which he endeavours to combat under ail its forms. The latter half of the work, devoted to the analysis of the intellectual faculties, is intended to show how all human knowledge is the result of experience ; and reflection is assumed as the source of our ideas of substance, of unity, and of identity. De Gerando s great work is divided into two pai-ts, the first of which is purely historical, and -devoted to an ex position of various philosophical systems ; in the second, which comprises fourteen chapters of the entire work, the distinctive characters and value of these systems are com pared and discussed. Great fault has been found with this plan, and justly, as it is impossible to separate advantageously the history and critical examination of any doctrine in the arbitrary manner which De Ge rando has chosen for himself. Despite this disadvantage, however, the work has great merits. It brought back the minds of men to a due veneration for the great names in philo sophical science, a point which had been utterly neglected by Condillac and his school. In correctness of detail and comprehensiveness of view it was greatly superior to every work of the same kind that had hitherto appeared in France. During the Empire and the first years of the Restoration, De Gerando found time, despite his political avocations, to recast the first edition of his Histoire Comparce, of which a second edition appeared at Paris in 1823, in 4 vols. 8vo. The plan and method of this edition are the same as in the first ; but it is enriched with so many additions that it may pass for an entirely new work. The last chapter of the part published during the author s lifetime ends with the revival of letters and the philosophy of the loth century. The second part, carrying the work down to the close of the 18th century, was published posthumously by his son in four vols. (Paris, 1847). Twenty-three chapters of this had been left complete by the author in manuscript ; the remaining three were supplied from other sources, chiefly printed but unpublished memoirs. The next valuable work of De Gerando was his essay Du perfectionnement moral et Veducation de soi-meme, crowned by the French Academy in 1825. The fundamental idea of this work is that human life is in reality only a great education, of which perfection is the aim. Besides the works already mentioned, De Gerando left many others, of which we may indicate the following : Considerations sitr (liversesmet/wdesd observationdi speupJessaurrrcies, 8vo, Paris, 1801 ; &lor]c de Dumarsais, discours quia remporte le prix proposl par la scconde classe de I Institut National, 8vo, Paris, 1805; Lc Visiicur dupauvre, Svo, Paris, 1820 ; Institutes du Droit Administratif, 4 vols. Svo, Paris, 1830 ; Cours normal des institutcurs primaircs ou Directions relatives a Veducation physique, morale, et intdlcctuelle dans les ecolcs primaircs, 8vo, Paris, 1832 ; De Veducation des Sourds-Muets, 2 vols. Paris, 1832 ; De la Lienfaisance pulUquc, 4 vols. Svo, 1838. A detailed analysis of the Histoire Compare des Systimes will be found in the Fragments Philosophiguea of M. Cousin.
DEGGENDORF, or Deckendorf, the chief town of a
district in Lower Bavaria, about 25 miles north-west of
Passau,on the left bank of the Danube, which is there crossed
by two iron bridges. It is situated at the lower end of
the beautiful valley of the Perlbach, with the mountains of
the Bavarian Forest rising behind; and in itself it is a
well-built and attractive town. Besides the administrative
offices it possesses an old council-house dating from 1566,
a hospital, a lunatic asylum, an orphanage, a poor-house,
and a large parish church rebuilt in 1756 ; but of greater
interest than any of these is the Church of the Sacred
Tomb, which for centuries attracted thousands of pilgrims
to its Porta Coeli, Gnadenpforte, or Gate of Mercy, opened
annually on St Michael s Eve, near the end of September,
and closed again on the 4th of October. In 1837, on the
celebration of the 500th anniversary of this solemnity, the
number of pilgrims was reckoned at nearly 100,000. Such
importance as the town possesses is now rather commercial
than religious, it being the main depot for the timber-trade
of the Bavarian Forest, a station for the Danube steamboat
company, and the seat of several mills, breweries, potteries,
and other industrial establishments. On the bank of the
Danube, outside the town, are the remains of the castle
of Findelstein ; and on the Geiersberg, in the immediate
vicinity, stands the old pilgrimage-church of Maria; Dolores.
About six miles to the north is the village of Metten, with
the Benedictine monastery founded by Charlemagne in 801,
restored as an abbey in 1840 by Louis I. of Bavaria, and
well-known for its educational institutions. The first men
tion of Deggendorf occurs in 8C8, and it appears as a town
in 1212. Henry XIII. of the Landshut dynasty made it
the seat of a custom-house; and in 1331 it became the
residence of Henry III. of Natternberg, so called from a
castle in the neighbourhood. In 1337 there took place in
the town a dreadful massacre of the Jews, who were accused
of having thrown the sacred host of the Church of the
Sacred Tomb into a well ; and it is probably from about
this date that the pilgrimage above mentioned came into
vogue. The town wa.s captured by the Swedish forces in
1633, and in the war of the Austrian succession it was
more than once laid in ashes. Population in 1871, 5452.
See Griibor and Miiller, Dcr Baycrische JFaJd, Eatisbon, 1851 ;
Mittermiiller, Die hcil. llo&ticn i/nd die Judcn in Dcc/gcndorf,
Landshut, 1866 ; and Das Klostcr Mcttcn, Straubing, 1857.
DEHRA DÚN, a district of British India in the Mecrut
(Mirat) division of the lieutenant-governorship of the North-
Western Provinces, lies between 29 57 and 30 59 N.
lat, and 77 37 15" and 78 22 45" E. long. It com
prises the valley (dun) of Dehra, together with the hills
division (jiaryand) of Jaunsar Bawar, which runs from S.E.
to X.W. of it, on the north. The district is bounded on the
N. by the native state of Tehri or Garhwal, on the E. by
British Garhwal, on the S. by the Siwalik hills, which
separate it from Saharanpur district, and on the W. by the
hill states of Sirmur, Jubol, and Taranch. The valley (the
Dun) has an area of about 673 square miles, and forms a
parallelogram 45 miles from X.W. to S.E. and 15 miles
broad. It is well wooded, undulating, and intersected by
streams. On the N.E. the horizon is bounded by the
Mussooree (M an.su ri) or lower range of the Himalayas, and
on the S. by the Siwalik hills. The Himala} T as in the north
