498 DUBLIN Irish Coristabular-y. The police are under the control of two commissioners, and consist of 7 superintendents, 76 inspectors, 641 sergeants, and 340 constables. A local police rate of 8d. in the 1 produces about 30,000 a year; and the taxes on hackney cars, drivers licences, pawnbrokers licences, and publicans certificates, and fines in the police courts, average about 16,000. These two sums (46,000), together with a Treasury grant averaging 95,000 a year, maintain the force, and pay the commissioners and superior officers and the four police magistrates. The police are inspectors of the hackney carriages, which number nenrly 2000. They carry out the laws affecting the sale of liquor, and the number of public houses in Dublin is 1012. A fair notion of the crime and offences committed in the city is afforded by the following statistics taken from official sources : Number of persons arrested (1876), 42,439 ; number convicted either summarily or after trial before a superior judge, 39,580; of those convicted 13,346 (8627 males and 4719 females) were charged with drunkenness ; 88 per sons were sentenced to penal servitude (68 for five years) ; and 400 were sent to jail. Quarter sessions are held in the city by the recorder ; and a commission of oyer and terminer is held twice a year by two of the superior judges. Military. A large military force is usually maintained in the city of Dublin which is the headquarters of the military district of Dublin and of the staff of Ireland, consisting of the commander of the forces, adjutant-general, and quartermaster-general. The troops are accommodated in several barracks, the most extensive of which is the Royal Barracks, consisting of five squares, affording quarters for 10 field officers, 83 officers, 2000 non-conunissioned officers and privates, and 460 horses, together with a hospital for 260 patients. Richmond Barracks, for infantry, occupies an ele vated healthy situation, on the banks of the Grand Canal, beyond Kilmainham, forming a substantial fabric, with extensive courts and yards, covering altogether an area of 18 acres, and furnishing accommodation for 76 officers and 1600 non-commissioned officers and privates, stabling for 25 horses, and a hospital for 100 patients. Portobello barracks, for cavalry and artillery, is on the bank of the same canal, near Harold s Cross, and can accommodate 30 officers and 520 men ; it has stabling for 540 horses, and a large hospital. At Island Bridge, near Kilmainham, there is an extensive artillery barrack, and there is another for artillery at the Pigeon House Fort in the bay. Besides these, there are barracks for infantry in Great Ship Street, near the castle; at Aldborough House, a fine massive building erected in 1765 at a cost of 45,000 ; and at Beggar s Bush, on the South Circular Road. In the Phosnix Park is Mackenzie s Fort and magazine. The magazine is surrounded by a dry ditch, and is entered by a drawbridge. It is defended by a dozen 24-pounders. Poor Law. There are two poor law unions in the city North and South, governed by two boards of guardians. The average daily number of paupers in both is 4832, and the annual expendi ture of both 75,250. Religion.. The following table shows the population of the different parishes in 1841, 1851, 1861, and 1871, and the number of Roman Catholics and Protestants of the Episcopal church in each parish (when part is mentioned, the rest of the parish is in Dublin county) : Parishes. Popula tion in 1841. Popula tion in 1851. Popula tion in 1861. Popula tion in 1871. Religious Profession in 1871. Roman Catholics. Episco palian Pro testants. Christ Church (Li berties of) Grangegorman, part of } j- 4,857 7,634 8,808 3,966 10,629 1 19,871 15,048 10,661 3,931 4,802 15,234 23,904 1,271 22,793 1,691 ill, 955
2,044
8.422 30,210 22,008 2,969 50 4,330 7,628 8,584 4.053 10,784 20,539 15,884 8,364 3,483 4,419 20,781 24,068 1,317 23,393 1,999 12,338 1,877 8,636 34.009 27,637 2,928 28 6,312 6,916 8,268 4.302 10,919 18,083 17.409 11,898 3,043 4,098 20.852 24,505 1,169 22,105 1,838 11,333 1,987 10.017 37,605 29,652 3,174 10 5,677 5,876 7,074 3,980 9,311 17,198 18,421 12,667 2,715 3,199 19,841 22,039 1,148 19,997 1,670 10.218 1,718 . 9,764 38,232 82,602 2,901 1 4,412 4,335 4,616 3,617 7,529 15,558 18,484 10,191 2,278 2.937 16,126 17,684 1,042 18,608 1,499 9,404 1,498 7,381 25,980 24,659 2,309 9 900 1,129 1,899 300 1,537 1,318 3,949 2,229 408 235 2,548 3,334 85 1,065 156 688 203 1,934 10,019 5,379 631 St Bridget s St Catherine s, part of. St George s, part of.. St James s, part of .. St Luke s St Mark s, part of ... SI Michael s St Nicholas Within. St Nicholas Without, part of St Patrick s (Liber- tl-sof) St Paul s St Peter s, part of.... St Thomas s St Werburgh s Total 232,726 247,Tll 254,808 246,326 195,180 39,897 Besides the above mentioned religious denominations there were 4517 Presbyterians, 1828 Methodists, 189 Jews, and 4904 of "all other persuasions." The proportion of Catholics to the total popu lation was equal to 79 per ceut. Education.- The means of education in Dublin are ample. The incessant contests between the various religious denominations have had the effect of imparting energy to all engaged in teaching. Trinity College, founded by Queen Elizabeth, is the greatest foundation in the country. The corporation now consists of a provost, 7 senior fellows, 26 junior fellows, and 70 scholars. Two studentships, one mathematical and one classical, have been recently added to the honour list. The successful competitor is entitled to .100 a year for seven years ; there are no duties to be fulfilled and no resi dence is required. A vacancy among the fellows is filled up by the provost and a select number of the fellows, after a very severe examination for ten days in metaphysics, mathe matics, natural philosophy, ethics, history, chronology, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Fellowships are held for life. Until the year 1840 the fellows were bound to celibacy, but that restriction was then removed. The scholars are chosen from among the undergraduates, after an examination in mathematics or Greek and Latin. The pecuniary ad vantages attaching to scholarship lasts for four years. Students, after an examination, are admitted as fellow-com moners, pensioners, or sizars ; the last class is limited to thirty, and is partially maintained out of the College funds. Noblemen, noblemen s sons, and baronets have the privilege of forming a separate order with peculiar advantages, on the payment of additional charges. The course of general instruction extends over four years, the principal studies of each year being successively mathematics, logic, natural philosophy and astronomy, classics, and ethics ; and four commencements are held every year for the purpose of con ferring degrees. A medical school is attached to the uni versity, and also a school of civil engineering ; and diplomas in surgery and civil engineering are granted by the board on the completion of the prescribed courses. Tho library, which is one of the four scheduled in the Copyright Act, consists of about 190,000 printed volumes and 1500 manuscripts ; and the number is increased annually by about 2000 volumes, partly purchased and partly obtained free under the Act. There are also a botanic garden and a museum. The funds of the College, arising from lands and the fees of the students, are managed solely by the provost and seven senior fellows, who form a board, to which and to the Academic Council the whole government of the uni versity, both in its executive and its legislative branches, is committed. The buildings, which include a large extent of ground, now nearly in the middle of the city, consist of one very large and two smaller squares. In these are the chapel, the hall for examinations, the museum, the library, the dining hall, the printing office, and chambers for the fellows and students. Attached to the buildings is a large park for the recreation of the students, and a smaller enclosure for the provost and fellows. The provost s resi dence and the medical school are apart from the main body of the buildings. The college observatory is at Dunsink, about five miles north-west of Dublin ; it is amply furnished with astronomical instruments. It was endowed by Dr Francis Andrews, provost of Trinity College, was erected in 1785, and in 1791 was placed by statute under the manage ment of the Royal Astronomer of Ireland, an appointment first filled by Dr Henry Ussher, and subsequently by Dr Brinkley, bishop of Cloyne. The Magnetics! Observatory of Dublin was erected in the years 1837-8, in the gardens attached to Trinity College, and at the expense of the university. A series of observations was begun in 1838,
and has been continued ever since. The annual income of
