After several battles, in which the advantage was generally on the side of the French, a decisive engagement took place near Catania, on the 20th April 1676, when the Dutch fleet was totally routed and De Ruyter mortally wounded. The greater part of the defeated fleet was afterwards burned in the harbour of Palermo, where it had taken refuge, and tho French thus secured the undisputed com mand of the Mediterranean. For this important service Duquesne received a letter of thanks from Louis XIV., together with the title of marquis and the estate of Bouchet. Owing to his being a Protestant, however, his professional ronk was not advanced. His last achievements were the bombardment of Algiers (1682–3), in order to effect the deliverance of the Christian captives and the bombardment of Genoa in 1684. On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes Duquesne lost his commission, but he was specially excepted from banishment. He died at Paris on
the 2d February 1688.DURAN, Augustin (1789–1862), one of the leaders of the literary movement in Spain during the present century, was born at Madrid, where 1m father held the post of court physician. He lost his mother in childhood, and, instead of being educated in the capital, was sent to the seminary at Yergara, rather to gain strength and health than such mathematics and Latin as his clerical teachers could supply. Thence he returned a firm believer in ghosts, and erudite in the traditions of Spanish romance. In 1817 he joined the university of Seville for the study of philosophy and law, and in due course was admitted an advocate at Valladolid. From 1821 to 1823 he held a post in the direccion general de estudios at Madrid ; but in the latter year he was discarded on account of his political opinions, and it was not till 1834 that he received a new appointment as secretary of the board for the censorship of the press, shortly afterwards supplemented by a post in the National Library at Madrid. The revolution of 1840 again led to his dismissal; but he recovered his position in 1843, and in 1854 attained the rank of director of the library. Next year, however, he retired, and the rest of his life was devoted to his literary work. He died in 1862. It was in 1828, shortly after his first discharge from oflice, that he published liis discourse on the influence which modern criticism had exercised on the ancient Spanish theatre (Discorso sobre U influjo que ha tenido la critica moderna en la decadencia del teatro antiguo) ; and, though the work was anonymous, it produced a marvellous effect on the tendencies of the national drama. He next endeavoured to make better known to his fellow-countrymen those half-forgotten treasures of their literature, in the collection of which he had spared neither money nor toil. Five volumes of a Romancero general appeared from 1828 to 1832 (republished, with considerable additions and improvements, in 2 vols. 1849–1851), and Talia espafwla, or a collection of old Spanish comedies, in 3 vols., in 1834. As an original poet the author is best known by a poem in imitation of the style of the 15th century, entitled Las ires toronjas del vergel de amor, or " The Three Citron Trees of the Orchard of Love."
DURANDUS, Wilhelmus (1237–1296), otherwise Durantis or Duranti, was born at Puimisson, sometimes written Puimoisson, a small town in the diocese of Beziers, in Languedoc, whence he is sometimes described as a native of Provence. He studied law under Bernardus of Parma, in the university of Bologna, where he was promoted to the degree of doctor. He shortly afterwards migrated to the university of Modena, where he became so famous by his lectures on the canon law that he attracted the notice of Pope Clement IV., who appointed him auditor of the palace, and subsequently subdeacon and chaplain. In 1274 he accompanied Pope Gregory X. as his secretary to the Council of Lyons, which is reckoned as the fourteenth general council, and under the puntificates of several subsequent popes filled many highly responsible offices. He was appointed in 1277 spiritual and temporal legate of the patrimony of St Peter under Pope Nicholas III., and in 1278 took possession, in the name of the same Pope, of the provinces of Bologna and Romagna. In 1281 Pope Martin IV. named him vicar spiritual, and in 1283 governor of the temporalities of the two provinces, in which office he had the direction of the war against the rebellious province of Romagna. The town of Castrum Riparum Urbanatium having been burnt down during the war, he rebuilt it, and renamed it Castrum Durantis. Pope Urban VIII. subsequently gave to this town the name of Urbania, which it bears in the present day. Pope Honorius IV. retained Durandus in the same offices until the end of 1286, when his election to the bishopric of Meude, in Languedoc, was the occasion of his retiring for a short time from the conduct of civil affairs. Duraudus, however, appears to have remained in Italy, and to have revised at this time several of his works. He refused in 1295 the archbishopric of Ravenna, which was offered to him by Pope Boniface VIII., and accepted in preference the more arduous office of governor of the province of Romagna and of the march of Ancona. The party of the Ghibellines, however, carried on hostilities against the Holy See with so much vigour that he found his strength unequal to the exigencies of government ; and, having resigned his office, he retired to Rome, where he died on 1st November 1296.
Durandus was the author of several very learned works. The most famous of them is his Speculum Judiciale. This work ia entitled in the printed copies, the earliest of which was published at Koine in folio in 1474, as Speculum Juris ; but all the MSS. have the title of Speculum Judiciale ; and Durandus himself, in his epistle dedicatory to Cardinal Ottobonus Fiesco, afterwards Pope Adrian V., describes it under this latter title. It is a practical treatise on civil and canon law, and it earned for its author, when young, the surname of the Father of Practice. Durandus is said to have completed it in 1271, at the age of thirty-four, and he revised it some time between 1287 and 1291. It has since his death ac- quired much celebrity as one of the best sources of the dogmatic history of law, and the canonists are accustomed to cite Durandus under the bye-name of "the Speculator." Theoriginal work has been enriched by additions from the pen of John Andreee in 1346, and by further additions from the pen of Baldus. An alphabetic table of its contents (Inventorium) was drawn up by Cardinal Beranger in 1306, and the Speculum passed through thirty-eight editions between 1474 and 1678. The next important work of Durandns is his Jtepertorium Aureum or Breviarium, which is dedicated to Cardinal Matthams; Durandus himself in his preface designates this work by the name of Kreviarium, but it is described by him in the Preface to the Speculum by the title of Eepertorium Aureum, under which title it is more generally known. It is supposed to have been composed by Durandus in the interval between the first com pletion and the revision of the Speculum. His Commentarius in Concilium Lugdunense is a work of much interest, as Durandus himself drew up the Decretals, which after his death were inserted in the Sextus. Durandus also wrote a commentary on the decretals of Pope Nicholas III., which is only known to us from the epitaph on his tomb, as preserved by Sarti, and which enumerates all his chief writings, amongst which may be mentioned his Speculum Lcgatorum, inserted in the Speculum Judiciale, his Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, which has passed through many editions, the earliest of which was printed at Mayence in 1459, and a copy of which is stated by the Abbe Pascal to have been sold for 2700 francs. A manu script of his Pontificate Patrum, being a treatise on the duties of bishops, is preserved in the National Library of Paris. Durandus the Speculator is sometimes confounded with Durandus of Santo Porciano, bishop of Meaux, who died in 1332, and was the author of two treatises, De JurisdictioiiiziulDeLcycbus, and with ilhelmus Daraudus, his own nephew, who was the author of a work entitled De modo celcbrandi Consilii, and who died in Cyprus in 1328.
16 miles south-east of Bilbao, at the confluence of the Durango and the Manaria. As a military position of some importance it is often mentioned in history ; its church of San Pedro de Tavira is one of the earliest in the Biscayan district ; and that of Santa Ana has some interesting altars
constructed by Ventura Rodriguez in 1774. The inhabit-
