Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 7.djvu/588

This page needs to be proofread.
566
DUT—DUV

Prince Frederick of Prussia, and afterwards of the prince of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen. In 1780 the number of inhabitants was about 8000; by 1831 it was over 23,000. The census of 1861 gave 41,290 (of which 3376 were

military) ; that of 1871, 69,348.


Diisseldorf, as the form of the name the village on the Diissel clearly indicates, was long a place of small consideration. In 1288 it was raised to the rank of a town by Count Adolf of Berg; from Ids successors it obtained various privileges, and in 1385 was chosen as their residence. After it had suffered greatly in the Thirty Years' War and the war of the Spanish succession, it recovered its prosperity under the patronage of the electoral prince John William of the Palatinate, who dwelt in the castle till the restoration of Heidelberg. In 1794 the town was violently bombarded by the French ; and after the peace of Luueville it was deprived of its fortifications. In 1805 it became the capital of the Napoleonic duchy of Berg; and in 1815 it passed with the duchy into Prussian possession. Among its celebrities are George and Friedrich Heiurich Jakobi, Schenk, Heine, Varuhagen, Cornelius, Camphauseu, and H. von Sybel.

DUTENS, Louis (17301812), a French writer of some celebrity, was born at Tours, of Protestant parents, January 15, 1730. In his youth he devoted himself to poetry; and in 1748 he composed a tragedy, entitled The Return of Ulysses to Ithaca, which failed in Paris, but was represented with great applause at Orleans. The author, however, soon became sensible of the faults of his work, and abandoned a species of composition in which he found he was not destined to excel. He soon afterwards went to England with an introduction to Pitt, which he had received from a sister of the statesman. His first residence in London was brief, but he soon returned and obtained a situation as tutor in a private family. The father of the pupil was a man of considerable literary and scientific attainments, who instructed him in those branches of knowledge in which he was deficient. In this manner he learnt Greek and mathematics, and studied the Oriental languages, and Italian and Spanish. Soon after the termi nation of this engagement he was appointed chaplain and secretary to Mr Mackenzie, the English minister at the court of Turin, and left England in October 1758. In 1760, when Mr Mackenzie returned to England, the secretary remained at Turin as charge" d affaires, until 1762, when he returned to England and attached himself to the family of Lord Bute, who, before retiring from office in 1763, procured him a pension. He again went to Turin as charge d'affaires ; and during this second mission he under took the task of collecting and publishing a complete edition of the works of Leibnitz (Geneva, 6 vols. 1769) and wrote his work on the Discoveries of the Ancients. On again returning to England he attached himself to the duke of Northumberland, who procured him the living of Elsdon, in Northumberland. He accompanied the duke s son, Lord Algernon Percy, in his travels through France, Italy, Germany, and Holland ; and while at Paris he was chosen a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, in 1775. In the same year he was made a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1776 he returned to England, and soon afterwards accompanied Mr Mackenzie and his wife on a tour to Naples. On his return Dutens was invited by Lord Mountstuart, who had been appointed envoy extraordinary, to accompany him to Turin, and found himself for the third time charge d'affaires at that court, during a short absence of the envoy. From Turin he went to Florence, and thence to Rome. He was in Paris in 1783, and returned to London the following year. The revenue he derived from his living amounting to /800 per annum, together with a considerable legacy left him by Mr Mackenzie, and estimated at /15,000, enabled him to pass the remainder of his life in affluence. He died at London, May 23, 1812.


The principal works of Dutens were his liccherches sur I origine des Decouvertes attributes aux Modcrncs (1766, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Appel au bou Sens (London, 1777, 8vo), directed in defence of Christi anity against the French philosophers, and published anonymously ; Explication de quelques medaillcs dc Peuples, de Villcs, et de Hois, Grecqucs ct Fhenicicnr.es (1773, 4to) ; Explication, de quelques medaillcs du cabinet de Duane (1774, 4to) ; Troisitme Dissertation sur quclqucs medaillcs Grecqucs ct Phcnicienncs (1776, 4to) ; Logiquc, ou V Art de raisonncr (1773, 12mo) ; DCS pierrcs precicuses ct des pierres fines, avec les moycns de Ics connuUre ct dc les ivalucr (1776, 12mo) ; Ithiiraire des routes les plus frequcntecs, ou Journal (fun Voyage aux principals Villcs d Europe (1775, 8vo), .fre quently republished ; Considerations Theologiques sur les moyens dc reunir toutes les Eglises Chreticnncs (1798, 8vo) ; CKuvres melees, containing his most important works published up to the date (London, 1797, 4 vols. 4to); U Ami des et rangers qui voyagcnt en Angletcrre (1789, 8vo); Histoirc dc ce qui s cst pass6 pour, le retablissement cTune regencc en Angletcrre, (1789, 8vo) ; Eechcrchcs sur le terns le plus recule de I usacjc des Voutes chez les ancicns (1795) ; Memoires d un Voyagcur qui sc repose (Paris, 1786, 3 vols. 8vo The first two volumes of the last named work contain the life of the author, written in a romantic style ; the third bears the title of Dutensiana, and is filled with remarks, anecdotes, and bon-mots. (See memoir of Dutens in the Gentlemaii s Magazine for 1812.)

DUTROCHET, René Joachim Henri (17761847), a French physiologist and natural philosopher, was born at Chateau de Neon, Poitou, November 14, 1776, and died at Paris. February 4, 1847. In 1799 he entered the military marine at Rochefort. which, however, he soon deserted to join the Vendean army. In 1802 he began the study of medicine at Paris ; and in 1808 he was made physician to Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain. Appointed chief physician to the hospital at Burgos, he distinguished himself during the prevalence of typhus in that city. lie returned in 1809 to France, where he devoted himself to the study of the natural sciences. The number of his scientific publications, which relate to a great variety of topics, is very great. His Recherches sur I accroissement et la reproduction des vegetaux, published in the Memoir es du Museum d llistoire naturelle for 1821, procured him in that year the French Academy s prize for experimental physiology. In 1837 appeared his Memoires pour servir a I histoire anatomique et physiologique des vcgetaux et des animaux, a collection of all his biological papers of any importance.

DUVAL, Jules (18131870), a French economist, was born at llodez, in the department of Aveyron, received his early education at the college of St Geniez d Olt, passed as advocate at the age of twenty-three, and for eight years held an official position first at St Affrique and afterwards in his native town. On the pacification of Algeria he took an active part in the foundation of the Union Agricole d Afrique; and in 1847 he established an agricultural colony in the plain of Siz. Obliged by ill health to abandon in 1850 the personal charge of the enterprise, ho did not leave the country, but in 1852 became editor of the Echo d Oran, and from 1858 to 1861 acted as member and secretary of the general council of the province of Oran. Removing to Paris in the latter year, he there devoted him self to the literary exposition of his views ; and among numerous other enterprises founded and edited till his death the ficonomute Francais, a weekly periodical devoted to the treatment of all matters connected with colonization and social reform, which bore his favourite device of libre et harmonique essor des forces. He was killed at Plessis-les- Tours in a railway accident on the 20th of September 1870, while on his way to his native town.


Besides a series of contributions to the Journal des Debats and the Revue des Deux Mondcs, lie wrote Tableau de I Alglrie (1854), Les colonies et I Algeric au concours general ct national d agriculture de Paris en 1860, GJiecl ou unecolonie d alienes (1860), Histoirc de I emigration europenne, asiatique,ct africaineauXJX.sieclc(l862, probably his masterpiece, and the work by which he gained the prize offered by the Academic des sciences morales in 1860), Les colonies et la politique colonialc de la France (1864), Des rapports Notice sur J. Duval" in Bulletin dc la Soc. de Geogr., 1876.