his principal works (which were not numerous, 51 being the total exhibited in the Academy) are: 1828, Pilgrims arriving in sight of Rome (repeated in 1835 and 1836, and perhaps on the whole his chefd eeuvre); 1829, Byron s Dream (in the National Gallery) ; 1834, the Escape of Francesco di Carrara (a duplicate in the National Gallery); 1841, Christ Lamenting over Jerusalem (ditto); 1843, Hagar and Ishmael; 1845, Comus; 1849, Helena; 1851, Ippolita Torelli ; 1853, Violante ; 1855, Beatrice. These female heads, of a refined semi-ideal quality, with something of Venetian glow of tint, are the most satisfactory specimens of Eastlake s work to an artist s eye. He was an accomplished and judicious scholar in matters of art, and published, in 1840, a translation of Goethe s Theory of Colours; in 1847 (his chief literary work) Materials for a History of Oil- Painting, especially valuable as regards the Flemish school ; in 1848, Contributions to the Literature of the Fine Arts ; in 1851 and 1855, translated editions of Kugler s History of the Italian School of Painting, and Handbook of
Painting.Sir Charles Eastlake was a man of middle height, spare form, reddish complexion, bright hair (scanty in advanced life) ; of unassuming and rather courtier-like bearing ; reluctant to oppose or offend, but with a strong sense of official duty. He was a neat and appropriate speaker, and filled his presidential and other offices with great credit in the eyes of all who appreciate moderation and cultured finish in the speech and bearing of a public man.
EASTON, a borough of the United States, and capital of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, is situated on the right bank of the Delaware immediately above the con fluence of the Lehigh, 54 miles north of Philadelphia. The town is very systematically arranged in spite of the irregularity of the ground on which it is built ; the water supply from the Lehigh river is abundant, and a strong pressure is obtained by the elevated position of the reservoirs. As the centre of a rich agricultural and mineral district, with free communication both by land and water, Easton has considerable activity at once in trade and manufacture. Among its establishments the borough contains breweries, tanneries, carriage factories, iron foundries, a rope-walk, and an oil-factory ; and South Easton, on the other side of the Lehigh, has a cotton- factory, a rolling-mill, and railway engineering works. The principal buildings are the farmers and mechanics institute, the free reading room, and the Presbyterian or Lafayette college, which was founded in 1831, and in 1872 had 25 teachers and 259 students. The borough, laid out in 1738, was incorporated in 1789. Population in 1870, 10.987 ; or, if South Easton be included, 14,154.
EAST SAGINAW, a city of Saginaw county, Michigan, United States, is situated on the Saginaw river, about 90 miles N.N.W. of Detroit. It extends about three miles along the river, with a breadth of nearly a mile, [t is the principal depot of the salt and lumber trade of the Saginaw valley, and possesses foundries, boiler-shops, saw-mills, and shingle-mills. It is the terminus of the Saginaw Valley and St Louis Railway, while a branch of the Flint and Pere Marquette Railway radiates here to Bay city and another to Caro, Tuscola county. On the opposite bank of the river is the Jackson, Lansing, arid Saginaw line. East Saginaw was incorporated as a village in 1855, and obtained a city charter in 1859. Population in 1870, 11,350.
EAU DE COLOGNE, a perfume, so named from the city of Cologne, where its manufacture was first established by an Italian, Giovanni Maria Farina, born in 1685, and by other members of his family, some of whom made it according to a method due to one Paul Feminis. In 1874 there were in Cologne 35 establishments for the preparation of the perfume, 28 of which were in the hands of persons bearing the name of Farina. Eau de Cologne consists of a solution of various essential oils in strong alcohol. The purity and thorough blending of the ingredients are of the greatest importance in the process of manufacture. It was originally prepared by making a spirituous infusion of certain flowers, pot-herbs, drugs, and spices, and adding thereto, after distillation, definite quantities of several vege table essences. See Laboulaye, Dictionnaire des Arts tt Manufactures, vol. ii., s.v. " Parfumerie."
EBEL, Hermann Wilhelm (1820–1875), a distin guished philologist, was born at Berlin, May 10, 1820. He displayed in his early years a remarkable capacity for the study of languages, and at the same time a passionate fnd- ness for music and poetry. At the age of sixteen he became a student at the university of Berlin, applying himself especially to philology, and attending the lectures of Boeckh. Music continued to be the favourite occupation of his leisure hours, and he pursued the study of it under the direction of Marx. In the spring of 1838 he passed to the university of Halle, and there began to apply himself to comparative philology under Pott. Returning in the following year to his native city, he continued this study as a disciple of Bopp. He took his degree in 1842, and, after spending his year of probation at the French Gymnasium of Berlin, he resumed with great earnestness his language studies. About 1847 he began to study Old Persian. In 1852 he accepted a professorship at the Beheim-Schwarzbach Insti tution at Filehne, which post he held for six years. It was during this period that his studies in the Old Slavic ami Celtic languages began. In 1858 he removed to Schnedei- miihl, and there he discharged the duties of first professor for ten years. He was afterwards called to the chair of comparative philology at the university of Berlin. The most important work of Dr Ebel in the field of Celtic philology is his revised edition of the Grammatica Celtica of Professor Zeuss, completed in 1871. This had been pre ceded by his treatises De verbi Britannici futuro ac con- junctivo (1866), and De Zeussii curis positis in Grammatica Cdtica (1869). He made many learned contributions to Kiihn s Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprac/tforschung, and to Schleicher s JJeitrdge zur vergleichenden SfrracJiforschung ; and a selection of these contributions was translated into English by Sullivan, and published under the title of Celtic Studies (1863). Ebel contributed the Old Irish section to Schleicher s Indogermanische Chrestomathie (1869). Among his other works must be named Die Lehnworterder Deulschfik Sprache (1856). He died at Misdroy, August 19, 1875.
afterwards first duke of Wiirtemberg, was born December 2, 1445. He was the second son of Count Ludwig I., who died in 1450; and he succeeded his elder brother, Ludwig II., at the age of twelve (1457). The guardian ship of the young count was assumed by his uncle, Count Ulrich, and he had for tutor the learned John Nauclerus. Coveting power and careless of learning, he profited little by the learning of his tutor; and at the age of fourteen he succeeded in throwing off the restraint of the guardianship, and assumed the government. But instead of discharging its duties he thought only of indulging his passions, and for a time led a wild, reckless life. By some means he was brought to serious reflections, and we find him, according to a custom which had not become wholly extinct, undertaking in 1468 the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He also visited Italy, and made acquaintance with some of the most famous scholars of the age. His marriage with Barbara, daughter of Lodovico di Gonzaga, contributed to the amend ment and elevation of his character. He began to study and to take a practical interest in the promotion of the new learning, and at the instigation of his wife he founded, in
1477, the university of Tiibingen. Hither came, in 1481,
