Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/27

F A L F A M 17 fisheries. The total value of foreign and domestic imports for the year ending June 30, 1877, was $12,358, and of exports $4795. The principal industry is the manufacture of^cotton goods, especially print cloths, but there are also woollen factories, bleaching works, foundries, a shipbuild ing yard, and planing mills. In the neighbourhood there are valuable granite quarries. Fall River is the terminus of the line of steamers in the route from New York to Boston. It was incorporated as a town in 1803, and re ceived a city charter in 1854; and in 1862 Fall River, Newport county, with 3377 inhabitants, was added to it. The population in 1850 was 11,522, and in 1870 26,760. FALMOUTII, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of England, county of Cornwall, on the south side of Falmouth Harbour, 15 miles N.N.E. of Lizard Point, and 267 miles W.S.W. of London. The town con sists chiefly of a long and narrow street extending along the shore. The principal public buildings are the hall of the Cornwall Polytechnic Society, the mechanics institute, the town-hall, and the market-house. In the early part of the 17th century Falmouth consisted only of a few fisher men s huts, but soon after this Sir John Killigrew, having obtained the permission of James I., constructed a new quay and laid the foundation of the present town. Its sub sequent prosperity was a consequence of the excellence of its harbour, and its proximity to Land s End. For about 150 years it was the port from which the mail packets for the Mediterranean, Spain, the West Indies, and South America were despatched; and though these steamers now start from other ports it maintains steam communication with London, Liverpool, Dublin, Penzance, Plymouth, and Southampton. The harbour is one of the best refuges for shipping in England. Its entrance between St Anthony s Head on the E. and Pendeunis Castle on the W. is about a mile in width, and it thence stretches inland about five and a half miles. It has depth of water and excellent anchorage for the largest ships, and vessels of considerable burden can discharge their cargoes at the quay. In 1876 the number that entered the port was 803, with a tonnage of 118,617; the number that cleared 384, tonnage 26,522. The total value of imports was 240,474, and of exports 5261. The exports include copper, tin, tin- plates, woollen goods, and fish. Falmouth along with Penryn returns two members to parliament. The popula tion of the municipal borough in 1871 was 5294. FALSE POINT, a land-locked harbour in the Cuttack district of Orissa, situated in 20 20 N. lat. and 86 47 E. long., and reported by the famine commissioners in 1867 to be the best harbour on the coast of India from the Hugli to Bombay. It derives its name from the circum stance that vessels proceeding up the Bay of Bengal fre quently mistook it for Point Palmyras, a degree further north. The anchorage is safe, roomy, and completely land locked. The capabilities of False Point as a harbour remained long unknown, and it was only in 1860 that the port was opened. It was rapidly developed, owing to the construc tion of the Orissa canals. Two navigable channels lead in land across the Mahdnadi delta, and connect the port with Cuttack city. The trade of False Point is chiefly with other Indian harbours, but a large export trade in rice and oil-seeds has sprung up with Mauritius, the French colonies, and France. False Point is now a regular port of call for Anglo-Indian coasting steamers. Its capabilities were first appreciated during the Orissa famine of 1866, when it afforded almost the only means by which supplies of rice could be thrown into the province. Between 1863-64 and 1874-75 the value of the export and import trade of False Point has increased from 51,921 to 261,212, or upwards of five times, and the number of vessels visiting the port from 16 to 110. A lighthouse is situated a little to the south of the anchorage, on the point which screens it from the southern monsoon, in 20 Q 19 52" lat. and 86 46 57" E. long. FALSTEIl, an island in the Baltic, belonging to Den mark. It is richly wooded and well cultivated, and is very fertile, especially in fruits. Area, 180 square miles; popu lation (1870), 27,763. See DENMARK. FALUN, or FAHLUN, a town of Sweden, capital of a laen of the same name, which, however, is also called Dalarna or Dalecarlia, is situated in a bare and rocky country near the W. shore of Lake Runn, 73 miles W. of Gefle. The town is built chiefly of timber, and the inhabitants are mostly engaged in mining and smelting. West of the town are the celebrated Falun copper mines, the oldest and most celebrated in Europe. They are known to have, been in existence 600 years ago, but probably their origin is some centuries earlier. Since the 17th century their pro duce has been gradually decreasing, and while in 1650 they produced nearly 3300 tons the total output in 1874 was only a little over 490 tons. In the town are museums of mineralogy and geology, a school of practical mining, a model room, and a large scientific library. The fumes arising from the copper-smelting works destroy vegetation in the vicinity of the town, but so far from being injurious to human life, they seem often to have acted as a preventa- tive against cholera and other epidemic diseases. Connected with the copper works there are shot, sulphur, vitriol, and Indian red factories. The population of Falun in 1875 was 6694. FAMAGOSTA. See CYPRUS. FAMILY. Family is a word of which the etymology but partially illustrates the meaning. The Roman familia, derived from the Oscan famel (servus), originally signified the servile property, the thralls, of a master. Next, the term denoted other domestic property, in things as well as in persons. Thus, in the fifth of the laws of the Twelve Tables the rules are laid down : si. IXTESTATO. MORITUR. CUt 8UUS. HERBS. NEC. SIT. ADGNATUS. TROXIMUS. FAMILIAL. HABETO, and si. AGNATUS. NEC. ESCIT. GENTILIS. TAMILIAN. NANCITOR; that is, if a man die intestate, leaving no natural heir, who had been under his potestas, the nearest agnate, or relative tracing his connexion with the deceased exclusively through males, is to inherit the familia, or family fortune of every sort. Failing an agnate, a member of the gens of the dead man is to inherit. In a third sense, the Roman word familia was applied to all the persons who could prove themselves to be descended from the same an cestor, and thus the word almost corresponded to our own use of it in the widest meaning, as when we say that a person is "of a good family" (Ulpian, Dig., 50, 16, 195, Jin.). Leaving for a while the Roman terms, to which ifc will be necessary to return, we may provisionally define " family," in the modern sense, as the small community formed by the union of one man with one woman, and by the increase of children born to them. These in modern times, and in most European countries, constitute the household, and it has been almost universally supposed that little natural associations of this sort are the germ-cell of early society. The history with which, from childhood, we are best acquainted shows us the growth of the Jewish nation from the one household of Abraham. It is true that his patriarchal family differed from the modern family in one respect. It was polygamous, but, as female chastity was one of the conditions of the patriarchal family, and as descent through males was therefore recognized as certain, the plurality of wives makes no real difference to the argu ment. In the same way the earliest formal records of Indian, Greek, and Roman society show us the family firmly established, and generally regarded as the most primitive of human associations. Thus, Aristotle derives IX. - 3