Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/377

F O N F N 3G3 he was employed by Bonaparte to restore the palace of Malmaison. Henceforth he was fully engaged in the principal architectural works executed in Paris, as architect successively to Napoleon I., Louis XVIII., and Louis Philippe. In conjunction with Percier (till his death) he was employed on the Arch of the Carrousel, the restoration of the Palais-Royal, the grand staircase of the Louvre, and the works projected for the union of the Louvre and the Tuileries. In 1812 he was admitted a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, and in 1813 was named first architect to the emperor. With Percier he published the following works, Palais, Maisons, et autres Edifices Modernes dessines d, Rome (1798); Description des Fetes et Ceremonies du Mariage de Napoleon et de Marie Louise (1810); and Recueil de Decorations Interieures (1812). Fontaine lost his friend and associate Percier in 1838, and died himself at Paris, October 10, 1853. FONTAINEBLEAU, a town of France, at the head of an arrondissement, in the department of Seine-et-Marne, about 37 miles S.E. from Paris on the railway to Lyons, in 48 24 23" N. lat. and 2 42 1" E. long. It stands in the midst of the forest of Fontainebleau, is well built, and has broad, clean, handsome streets. Among the more important buildings and institutions are the hotel de ville, the barracks, the court-house, two hospitals, a college, and a public library. The Pompadour mansion, and a portion of that which belonged to the cardinal of Ferrara, are still preserved ; and a statue of General Damesine adorns the principal square. Wood-turning and the manufacture of porcelain and earthenware are the chief industries ; and wine, grapes, garden produce, and paving stones are articles of export. The population in 1871 was 11,545. In the immediate vicinity of the town is the celebrated palace of Fontainebleau one of the largest, and in the interior one of the most sumptuous, of the royal residences of France. The origin of the name and of the building are equally unknown ; but the old manor-house was used by Louis VII. in the latter part of the 12th century, and con tinued a favourite residence of Philip Augustus and Sfc Louis. The existing edifice was begun by Francis I., who laid out immense sums of money in its erection, employing Primaticcio, a famous Italian architect, to draw the plans, and commissioning Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, and Benvenuto Cellini to expend the resources of their arts in making it a truly royal residence. Henry IV. doubled the area of the buildings and gardens, adding among other portions the great Diana gallery, the Court of the Princes, and the Galerie des Cerfs. A canal which he constructed was afterwards filled up by Louis XIV. With Louis XV. the palace fell into disfavour, and for a time it was used as a military school. Napoleon I. restored it with great splendour, at a cost of 6 million francs, and often resided in it ; but after the return of the Bourbons it was again allowed to fall into disrepair. Louis XVIII. and Louis Philippe both did somewhat to its restoration. The congeries of build ings is very extensive, the roofing, it is said, covering no less than 14 acres. There are five great courts, distinguished as the Court of the White Horse, the Court of the Fountain, the Oval or Donjon Court, the Court of Princes, and the Court of the Kitchens or of Henry IV. The first is also called the Court of Adieux in memory of the parting scene between Napoleon and his Old Guard in 1814, at the foot of the Horse Shoe staircase. The chapel of the Holy Trinity was built under Francis I., and the chapel of St Saturnin dates from the same period, and occupies the site of an older building which was consecrated by Thomas & Becket. It is impossible to do more than mention a few of the historical events which have taken place at Fontainebleau. Philip the Fair, Henry III., and Louis XIII. were all born in the palace, and the first of these kings died there. James V. of Scotland was there received by his intended bride ; and Charles V. of Germany was entertained there in 1539. Christina of Sweden lived there for years, and the gallery is still shown where she caused her secretary Monaldeschi to be murdered, or, as she regarded it, executed. In 1685 Fontainebleau saw the signing of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and in the following year the death of Cond6. In the 18th century it had two illustrious guests in Peter the Great of Russia and Christian VII. of Denmark ; and in the early part of the 19th it was twice the residence of Pius VII., in 1804, when he came to consecrate the emperor, and in 1812-1814, when he was that emperor s prisoner. It was within its walls that the sentence of divorce was passed against Josephine. The forest of Fontainebleau is one of the most beautiful wooded tracks in France, and for generations it has been the chosen haunt of French landscape painters. The most celebrated spots are the Vallee de la Solle, tho Gorge au Loup, the Gorge d Apremont, and the Fort 1 Empereur. The whole area extends to 81,740 acres, and it is traversed by 12,000 miles of road and pathway. See Pfnor, Monographic de Fontainebleau, Avith text by Chain- pollion Figeac, Paris, 1866. FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607), Italian architect and mechanician, was born at Mili, a village on the lake of Como, in 1543. After a good training in mathematics, he went in 15C3 to join his elder brother, then studying architecture at Rome. He made rapid progress, and Avas taken into the service of Cardinal Montalto, for whom he erected a chapel in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore and the Villa Negroni. When the cardinal s pension was stopped by the pope, Gregory XIII., Fontana volunteered to complete the works in hand at his own expense. The cardinal being soon after elected pope, under the name of Sixtus V., he immediately appointed Fontana his chief architect. Amongst the works executed by him were the Lateran Palace, the palace of Monte Cavallo (the Quirinal), the Vatican Library, &c. But the undertaking which brought Foutana the highest repute was the removal of the great Egyptian obelisk, brought to Rome in the reign of Caligula, which was lying in the circus of the Vatican, and its erection in front of St Peter s. This he accomplished in 1586. After the death of Sixtus V., charges were brought against Fontana of misappropriation of public moneys, and Clement VIII. dismised him from his post (1592). This appears to have been just in time to save the Colosseum from being converted by Fontana into a huge cloth factory, according to a project of Sixtus V. Fontana was then called to Naples, and accepted the appointment of architect to the viceroy, the count of Miranda. At Naples he built the royal palace, constructed several canals, and projected a new harbour and bridge, which he did not live to execute. The only literary work left by this architect is his account of the removal of the obelisk, 1589. He died at Naples in 1607, and was honoured with a pompous funeral in the church of St Ann. FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614), daughter of Pros- j pero (see below), was a painter of no little fame, especially in portraits. She was greatly employed by the ladies of Bologna, and, going thence to Rome, painted the likenesses of many illustrious personages, being under the particular patronage of the family (Buoncampagni) of Pope Gregory XIII, who died in 1585. The Roman ladies, from the days of this pontiff to those of Paul V., elected in 1605, showed no less favour to Lavinia than their Bolognese sisters had done ; and Paul V. was himself among her sitters. Some of her portraits, often lavishly paid for, have been attributed to Guido. In works of a different kind also she united care and delicacy with boldness. Among the chief of these are a Venus in the Berlin museum; the Virgin lifting a veil