Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/385

F O P F O R 371 intentional grossness. Like all professed humorists, he made occasional mistakes ; but he, too, was on the right side in the war fare against the pretentiousness of Cant and the effrontery of Vice, the two master evils of the age and the society in which he lived. The following is a list of Foote s farces or " comedies " as he calls them, mostly in three, some in two acts, which remain in print. The date of production, and the character originally performed by Foote, are added to the title of each : The Knights (1748 Hartop, who assumes the character of Sir Penurious Trifle) ; Taste (1752) ; The Englishman in Paris (1753 Young Buck) ; The Englishman Returned from Paris (1756 Sir Charles Buck); The Author (1657 Cadwallader) ; The Minor (1700 Smirk and Mrs Cole); The Liar (1760); The Orators (1762 Lecturer) ; The Mayor of Oarratt (1763 Major Sturgeon) ; The Patron (1764 Sir Thomas Lofty and Sir Peter Peppercorn); The Commissary (1765 Mr Zac. Fungus) ; The Devil upon two Sticks (1763 Devil) ; The Lame Lover (1770 Sir Luke Limp) ; The, Miid of Bath (1771 Mr Flint) ; The Nabob (1772- Sir Mat thew Mite); The Bankrupt (1773 Sir Robert Kiscountcr) ; The Cozeners (1774 Mr Aireaatle) ; A Trip to Calais; The Capuchin (1776 O Donnovan). Foote s biography may be read in W. (" Conversation") Cooke s Memoirs of Samuel Footc (3 vols., 1805), which contain a large col lection of his good things and of anecdotes concerning him, besides two of his previously unpublished occasional pieces (with the act of the Diversions in a later form already mentioned), and an admixture of extraneous matter. From this source seems to have been mainly taken the biographical information in the rather grandiloquent ess?.y on Foote prefixed to "Jon Bee s/ tiseful edition of Foote s Works (3 vols. 1830). But few readers will care to go further than to the essay on Foote, reprinted with additions, from the Quarterly Rfvu:w, in the late Mr Forster s Biographical Essays ; and none can fare better than those who turn to this delightful and discrimi nating study of a man of real though peculiar genius. (A.W.W. ) FOPPA, VINCENZO, a painter, was born iu Brescia soon after 1400, and died there iu 1492. He settled in Milan towards 1425, and was the head of a school of painting which subsisted up to the advent of Leonardo da Vinci. His contemporary reputation was very considerable, his merit in perspective and foreshortening being recognized especially. Among his noted works are a fresco in the Brera Gallery, Milan, the Martyrdom of St Sebastian ; a Crucifix in the Carrara Gallery, Bergamo, executed in 1455 ; the Trinity, in the church of S. Pietro in Oliveto, Brescia ; and other paintings in the same city. FORAMINIFERA. This designation is part of that given by D Orbigny in 1825 to an order of animals form ing minute calcareous shells (found recent in shore-sand, and/miY in various Tertiary Limestones), for the most part many-chambered, and often bearing a strong resemblance in form (fig. 1) to those of Nautilus, Orthoceras, and other chambered Cephalopods, his (supposed) Cephalopoda foraminifera being distinguished from the (real) Cephalo poda sipunculifera (Nautilus and its allies) by the want of the " siphon " which passes from chamber to chamber in the latter, and its replacement in the former by mere "foramina" in the dividing septa. And it seems to have been the applicability of this term Foraminifera to the shells thus characterized which has caused it to be retained as their ordinary designation, notwithstanding that the knowledge since acquired of the animals that form these shells necessitates the removal of the group from the elevated position assigned to it by D Orbigny, to nearly the lowest grade of the whole animal series. It was by the admirable observations upon living Foraminifera published by Dujardin, in 1835, that attention was first drawn to the existence of a type of animals more simple than any pre viously known, their bodies consisting entirely of an apparently homogeneous semi-fluid substance, to which he gave the name "sarcode"; and this substance projecting itself through apertures of the shell into indeterminate ramifying extensions (which he termed pseudopodia), cap able of being retracted and fused again (so to speak) into the general mass of the body. Regarding these animals as a section of the large group of Infusoria, whose bodies he supposed to have a like simplicity of sarcodic composition, he distinguished them as Rhizopods, on account of the root- like character of their pseudopodial extensions. The general correctness of Dnjardin s description of the animals that form Foraminiferal shells has been fully con firmed by subsequent researches ; but the larger knowledge since obtained of the nature of the Protozoa has led to a more correct apprehension of the relations of the Rhizopoda to the other components of that group. What is now regarded as FIG. 1. Various forms of Foraminifera: 1, Cornuspira; 2, Spiroloculina ; 3, Triloculina ; 4, liiloculina; 5, Pcnoroplis; 6, Orbiculina (cyclical); 7, Orbiculina (young); 8, Orbiculina (spiral); 9, Lagena; 10, Nodosaria; 11, Cristellaria ; 12, Globigcrina; 13, Polymorphina; 14, Textulavla ; 15, Discorbina; 16, Poly- stomella; 17, Planorbulina; 18, Rotalia; 19, Nonionina. the simplest type of an animal, designated a Moner (see ANIMAL KINGDOM, vol. ii. p. 50), consists of an independent particle of the elementary form of living matter known as "protoplasm" (the "sarcode" of Dujardin), which is capable of growth and maintenance by the assimilation of nutrient material, and of multiplying itself either by subdivision or by some modification of that process. Now the first stage of differentiation of this apparently homogeneous substance into histogenetic elements consists in the appearance of certain rounded bodies termed endoplasts, which appear to be the equivalents of the nuclei of the " cells " whose indi- viduation marks a higher stage of differentiation. And the next stage (well seen in Amoeba} consists in the differentia tion of a more consistent external layer, or " ectosarc," from the less consistent substance of the interior, or " endosarc," in which are observable " vacuoles " containing fluid, of which one or more (that seem bounded by a definite pellicle, and are known as " contractile vesicles ") contract and dilate rhythmically. As yet, however, there is no definite point of entrance for alimentary particles, or of exit