Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/45

F A E F A 35 compelled him, soon after his return, to go again into exile, he took up his residence at Turin, where he published a satirical paper La Frusta, contributed to the Risorgimento, and wrote the first part of his chief historical work Storia dello stato Romano dal anno 1815 al 1850, which he pub lished in 1850. In the same year he was named by the Sardinian Government member of the upper council of health; and in 1851 he was appointed minister of public instruction, an office which he held till May 1852. As a member of the Sardinian parliament, and as proprietor and editor of a political journal, // Piemonte, Farini was one of the most influential supporters of the policy of Cavour, and in 1859 he was sent by the latter on a political mission to Parma and Modena. On the flight of the duke of Modena in June 1859, Farini was entrusted with the pro visional government of the town, in which capacity he negotiated the annexation of the duchy to Piedmont. The same year saw the publication of the second volume of his Storia. In June I860 he was named by Cavour minister of the interior, but resigned the office on the death of Cavour in June of the following year. On the 8th December 18G2 he succeeded Rattazzi as president of the cabinet, in which office he endeavoured to carry out the policy inaugurated by Cavour. Over-exertion, however, brought on softening of the brain, which compelled him to resign his office 24th March 1863, and ultimately resulted in his death at Quarto, near Genoa, 1st August 18C6. His remains, originally buried at Turin, were in 1878 removed to his native town of Hussi, and monuments to his memory have been erected both there and at Ravenna. Several letters addressed by Farini to Mr Gladstone and Lord John Russell, on the affairs of Italy, were reprinted in the appendix to a Memoire sur Ics Affaires d Italic, 1859, and a collection of his political correspondence was published at Paris in 1860, under the title LMres sur Ics Affaires d ltalie. His historical work was translated into English, the first part by Mr Gladstone, and the second by a lady under his superintendence. A French translation of the work appeared in 1862. See Ettori Parri, Luigi Carlo Farini: Commcmorazionc, Rome, 1878. FARMER, HUGH (1714-1787), an English theologian, was born in the neighbourhood of Shrewsbury in 1714. About 1730 he entered the theological academy at North ampton taught by Dr Doddridge, and on completing his studies he was appointed to a charge at Walthamstow in Essex, officiating at the same time as chaplain to a wealthy gentleman in the neighbourhood in whose house he lived. He soon, however, resigned his chaplaincy, and took up his residence in the house of another member of his congrega tion, where he continued to live till his removal to London in 1761, on his acceptance of an invitation to become the afternoon preacher at Salter s Hall. There he was also soon afterwards appointed one of the Tuesday lecturers. He died 5th February 1787. His first work of importance was published in 1761, under the title of An Inquiry into tJic Nature and Design of our Lord s Tempta tion in the Wilderness, and was designed to prove that the tempta tion of Jesus took place only in vision, and was a prefiguration of his future life and ministry. In 1771 appeared his Dissertation on Miracles, designed to show that they arc Arguments of a Divine Litcrposition, and absolute Proofs of the Mission and Doctrine of a Prophet,. In 1775 he published an Essay on the Demoniacs of the New Testament, and in 1783 a treatise entitled The General Pre valence of the Worship of Human Spirits in the Ancient Heathen Nations asserted and proved. See Memoirs of Hugh Farmer, edited by Michael Dodson, 1804. FARMER, RICHARD, (1735-1797), the Shakespearian commentator, was born at Leicester in 1735. He was educated first at the free grammar school of his native town, and afterwards at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which in 1760 he became classical tutor, and in 1775 master, in succession to Dr Richardson, the biographer of the English bishops. In the latter year also he was appointed vice-chancellor, and three years afterwards chief librarian of the university. In 1780 he was appointed to aprebendal stall in Lichfield, and in about two years more to one at Canterbury ; but the second office he exchanged in 1788 for that of a canon residentiary of St Paul s. Cam bridge, where he usually resided, was indebted to him for improvements in lighting, paving, and watching ; but per haps London and the nation have less reason to be grateful for his zealous advocacy of the custom of erecting monu ments to departed worthies in St Paul s. In 1765 he issued a prospectus for a history of the town of Leicester; but this work, based on materials collected by Thomas Staveley, he never even began ; it was finished by the learned printer John Nichols. In the year after the publi cation of his Leicester " proposal" he gave to the world his famous Essay on the learning of Shakespeare, in which he proved that the bard s acquaintance with ancient and modern Continental literature was exclusively derived from transla tions, of which he copied even the blunders. " Shakespeare," he said, " wanted not the stilts of language to raise him above all other men." " He came out of nature s hand, like Pallas out of Jove s head, at full growth and mature." " One might," he said by way of ridiculing the Shakespearian criticism of the day " with equal wisdom, study the Talmud for an exposition of Tristram Shandy." For wealth of information, terseness of language, and force of demonstration, the essay is unsurpassed by any work of the kind. It fully justifies the author s description of himself in the preface to the second edition, " I may consider myself as the pioneer of the commentators ; I have removed a deal of learned rubbish, and pointed out to them Shake speare s track in the ever pleasant paths of nature." Farmer died at Cambridge on the 8th September 1797. lie was, it appears, twice offered a bishopric by Pitt, but declined the preferment. From all that is known of him it may be inferred that Farmer s habits of life were scarcely com patible with episcopal reserve and dignity. He has been described as being more of a boon companion than a clergy man ; and for a clergyman, he was too intimate with the play-house, on Shakespearian occasions especially. For details of Farmer s life see the Literary Anecdotes, &c., of John Nichols. FARNABIE, or FARXABY, THOMAS (1575-1647), grammarian, classical commentator, and one of the most noted schoolmasters of his day, was a native of London. He was the son of a carpenter; his grandfather, it is said, had been mayor of Truro, his great-grandfather an Italian musician. Between 1590 and 1595 he appears successively as a student of Merton, a pupil in a Jesuit college in Spain, and a follower of Drake and Hawkins during their expedi tion in the last-named year. After some military service in the Low Countries, " he made shift," says Wood, " to be set on shore in the western part of England ; where, after some wandering to and fro under the name of Tho. Bainrafe, the anagram of his surname, he settled at Martock, in Somersetshire, and taught the grammar school there for some time with good success. After he had gotten some feathers at Martock, he took his flight to London," and opened a school in Goldsmith s Rents, Cripplegate. From this school, which contained as many as 300 pupils, thero issued, says the same authority, "more churchmen and statesmen than from any school taught by one man in England." In the course of his London career "he was made master of arts of Cambridge, and soon afterwards incor porated at Oxon." Such was his pecuniary success in the metropolis that he was enabled to buy an estate at Otford near Sevenoaks, Kent, to which he retired from London in the year 1636, still, however, carrying on his profession of schoolmaster, his pupils, it appears, being all, or nearly all, boarders the sons of noblemen and gentlemen. In course of time he increased his property at Otford, and bought