Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/535

X F Y 503 Reformers; and at length his views coming to the ears of the authorities were considered so unorthodox that in 1545 he was deprived of his fellowship and expelled from the uni versity. Here his punishment would probably have ended had not his stepfather taken advantage of his misfortune to deprive him of his patrimony. He was glad to accept a situation as tutor to the children of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, near Stratford-on-Avon, who is famous as the prototype of Shakespeare s "Justice Shallow." But he did not long retain this situation, and he was in London in very destitute circumstances when the duchess of Richmond appointed him tutor to the children of her nephew, the unfortunate earl of Surrey. During the reign of Edward, Foxe s circumstances were more comfortable. He married, and settled at Reigatc, where, having been or dained deacon by Ridley in 1550, he preached and acted as tutor to the orphan children of Surrey throughout the rest of the reign. On the accession of Mary, he was for some time protected by his pupil, the duke of Norfolk, but was at length obliged to seek safety by fleeing with his family to Basel, where he maintained himself by writing and correcting the press for the printer Oporinus. At the sug gestion of Lady Jane Grey, he had already commenced a Latin history of the Christian persecutions. He now re ceived assistance from two distinguished exiles, belonging to opposed sections of the Protestant party from Grindal, who afterwards as Puritan archbishop of Canterbury distin guished himself by the noble firmness with which he main tained hia convictions, even at great personal cost, and in opposition to the commands of Queen Elizabeth ; and from John Aylmer, the tutor of Lady Jane Grey, who afterwards, as bishop of London, was one of the bitterest enemies of the Puritans. The first outline of the work appeared in 1554, and the first complete edition was published by Oporinus in 1559. About a year after the accession of Elizabeth, Foxe returned to England. The duke of Norfolk again ex tended to him his patronage. For some time he resided at the duke s manor of Christchurch in London, and on the duke s death he received a small pension. He became as sociated with John Day, the printer, himself once a Pro testant exile, with whom he had many sympathies in com mon. Ve find him staying in Grub Street laboriously engaged in varied literary work, and occasionally preaching at St Paul s Cross and in other parts of London. Church preferment was offered him by the Government, to which his works had rendered invaluable service. Cecil appointed him to the prebend of Shipton in Salisbury Cathedral, and he held for a short time the living of Cripplegate ; but true to his Puritan views, which prevented him from subscrib ing to the A.rticles, he accepted nothing further, though more was offered him. In 1563 the first English edition of the " Book of Martyrs," in which several gross errors which had been exposed were corrected, appeared from the press of John Day. 1 Its popularity among a people which had just passed through the horrors of the Marian persecu tions was naturally immediate and signal. The Government commanded it to be placed in each parish church ; and more than any other influence it fanned the flame of that fierce hatred of Spain and the Inquisition which was the master passion of the reign. Nor was its influence transient. For generations the popular conception of popery has been derived from its melancholy and bitter pages. It was 1 The following is the full title: Acts and Monuments of these latter and perillous Dayes, touching matters of the Church, wherein are comprehended and described the great Persecutions and horrible Troubles that have been icrought and practised by the Romishe Pre lates, especiallye in this Realme of England and Scotland, from the yeare of our Lorde a thousande to the time now present. Gathered and collected acctrding to the true Copies and Wrytinges certificatorie as well of the Parties themselves that Suffered, as also out of the s Registers, which were the Doers thereof, by John Foxe. vigorously attacked by Catholic writers, and its accuracy in details has been successfully challenged, even such blunders as indicate gross over-credulity having been exposed ; but the honourable lives of Foxe and his assistants place the work above the charge of wilful falsehood. If in all those who had been engaged in the persecution he could only re cognize the spirit of cruelty and Antichrist if in the noble Sir Thomas More he could only see " a persecuting spirit, "- this was but natural in a man who had witnessed the un timely destruction of some of the noblest spirits of the age, of some whom he had personally known and loved, and whose own career has been undeservedly blighted by the ruthless hand of persecution ; and it must be remembered to his honour that in his firm grasp of the principle of re ligious toleration he rose far above his age and his fellow Protestants. He hated impartially all religious persecution, and he wrote to Queen Elizabeth pleading even for the despised Dutch Anabaptists. It is interesting to note that Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and that John Day was the only printer of the day who could print the Anglo-Saxon characters. In 1571 they published, under the patronage of Archbishop Parker, an edition of the Saxon Gospels, dedicated to the queen. Foxe died on the 18th April 1587, at the age of seventy, and was buried in the Church of St Giles, Cripplegate. His life was written by his son, Samuel Foxe. FOXGLOVE. See DIGITALIS. FOY, MAXIMILIEX SEBASTIEN (1775-1825), French general and political orator, was bom at Ham in Picardy, j February 3, 1775. He was the son of an old soldier who had fought at Fontenoy, and had become post-master of the town in which he lived. His father died in 1780, and his early instruction was given by his mother, a woman of English origin and of superior ability. He continued his education at the college of Soissons, and thence passed at the age of fourteen to the artillery school of La Fere. After eighteen months successful study he entered the army, served his first campaign in Flanders (1791), and was present at the battle of Jemmapes. He soon attained the rank of captain, and served successively under Dam- pierre, Jourdau, Pichegru, and Houssard. In 1794, in con sequence of having spoken freely against the violence of the extreme party at Paris, he was imprisoned by order of the commissioner of the Convention, Joseph Lebon, at Cam- bray, but regained his liberty soon after the fall of Robes pierre. He served under Moreau in the campaigns of 1796 and 1797, distinguishing himself in many engage ments. The leisure which the treaty of Campo Formio gave him he devoted to the study of public law and modern history, attending the lectures of Professor Koch at Stras- burg. Recommended by Desaix to the notice of General Bonaparte, he joined the army assembled for the invasion of England, and afterwards fought, with much regret, against the Swiss. He gained the confidence of Masse" na, and was promoted chef de brigade. After the peace of Amiens he returned to France with the rank of colonel. He was at Paris at the time of Moreau s trial, and having earnestly censured the proceedings escaped arrest only by joining the army in Holland. Foy voted against the esta blishment of the empire, but the only penalty for his inde pendence was a long delay before attaining the rank of general. In 1806 he married a daughter of General Bara- guay d Hilliers. In the following year he was sent to Constantinople, and there took part in the defence of the Dardanelles against the English fleet. He was next sent to Portugal, and served in the Peninsular War from the battle of Vimeira to the battle of Orthez, at which he was severely wounded. At the first restoration of the Bourbons he was made one of the inspectors-general of infantry, and was stationed at Nantes. He joined Napoleon I. on his