Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/61

F A T F A U 51 work, whips, and skins; Narayani, with a large market for grain and local produce. The revenue of the district in 1876was165,409 ; the expenditure on civil administration, 54,404. The force for the protection of person and pro perty in 1875 consisted of 522 regular police, costing 6732, and 1898 village watchmen, costing 6898. The schools in the district numbered 260 in 1875, attended by 6416 pupils, and costing 2662. The Fathipur charitable dis pensary afforded medical relief in 1875 to 410 indoor and 4863 outdoor patients. The climate is more humid than in the other districts of the diidb, and although fevers are common, it is not considered an unhealthy district. The average annual rainfall is 357 inches. The tract in which this district is comprised was con quered in 1194 by the Pathans ; but subsequently, after a desperate resistance, it was wrested from them by the Mughals. In the 18th century it formed a part of the subah of Korah, and was under the government of the vizir of Oudh. In 1765, by a treaty between the East India Company and the nawab, Korah was made over to the Delhi emperor, who retained it till 1772, when it was again restored to the nawab vizir s dominions. Finally, in 1801, the nawab, by treaty, reconveyed it to the company in commutation of the amount which he had stipulated to pay in return for the defence of his country. In June 1857, the district rose in rebellion, and the usual murders of Europeans took place. Order was established after the fall of Lucknow, on the return of Lord Clyde s army to Cawnpur. FATHIPUR SIKRI, a town in the Agra district in the North- Western Provinces of India, on the road from Agra to Jaipur, situated in 27 58 N. lat. and 75 5 E. long. It is a ruined city, and is interesting only from an archa> ological point of view. It was founded by Akbar about 1570, as a thankofferiug for the birth of a son, Selim, afterwards the emperor Jahangir, obtained through the intercession of a famous Mahometan saint. The principal building is the great mosque, which is said by Fergusson to be hardly surpassed by any in India. " It measures 550 feet east and west by 470 feet north and south, over all. The mosque itself, 250 feet by 80 feet, is crowned by three domes. In its courtyard, which measures 350 feet by 440 feet, stand two tombs. One is that of Selim Chisti [the holy man above mentioned], built of white marble, and the windows with pierced tracery of the most exquisite geome trical patterns. It possesses besides a deep cornice of marble, supported by brackets of the most elaborate design. The other tomb, that of Nawab Islam Khan, is soberer and in excellent taste, but quite eclipsed by its surroundings. Even these parts, however, are surpassed in magnificence by the southern gateway. As it stands on a rising ground, when looked at from below, its appearance is noble beyond that of any portal attached to any mosque in India, per haps in the whole world." Fathipur Sikri was a favourite residence of Akbar throughout his reign, and his palace was one of great magnificence. After Akbar s death, Fathipur Sikri was deserted, within 50 years of its foundation. The buildings are situated within a walled inclosure about seven miles in circumference. They are now all more or less in ruins. The town at present contains 8513 inhabitants. FATIMAH (606-632), the daughter of Mahomet by his wife Khadijah, and one of the four women whom the prophet regarded as perfect, was born at Mecca in 606. At the age of fifteen she, was married to Ali, of whom she was the only wife. The Arabian dynasty named Fatimites, which from S09 to 1171 ruled over Egypt and the northern part of Africa, and latterly over Syria and Palestine, claimed to be descended from Fatimah. The religious tenets of their adherents differed considerably from those of the orthodox Mahometans, and latterly they sought to give to the Koran an allegorical interpretation so as to avoid obedience to its literal precepts. See MAHOMET. FATTORE, IL. See PENNI. FAUCHER, LEON (1803-1854), a French statesman and political economist, was of Jewish extraction, and was born at Limoges 8th September 1803. His parents afterwards removed to Toulouse, and he found the means of supporting himself by the execution of designs for embroidery while attending the college of that place. From Toulouse he went to Paris, where for a short period he followed the pro fession of private tutor ; but on the outbreak of the revolu tion of 1830 he became immersed in the political struggles of the time and a contributor to the political journals. In 1833 and 1834 he was editor of the Comtitutionnel, after which he joined the staff of the Courier, and in 1839 be came its editor. In politics he belonged to the party known as the dynastic left, and he was frequently consulted by the Thiers ministry of 1840. In 1842 the Courier changed hands, and on its new proprietors wishing slightly to modify its principles, Faucher resigned the editorship, and from that time devoted his attention almost exclusively to ques tions of political economy. In 1843 he visited England with the view of studying the social aspects of that country, and in October of the same year he began a series of articles in the Revue des Deux Mondcs, recording the impressions made by his visit. These papers, though not altogether free from the defects incident to the imperfect knowledge of a foreigner, are characterized not less by shrewdness of obser vation than by able statement and illustration of economical principles, and form an important contribution towards the solution of the great social questions of the time. Shortly after this he became one of the editors of the Journal des ficonomistes, to the pages of which he contributed several valu able papers, more especially on the tariff of customs. He also took a prominent part in the organization of the French association on the model of the free-trade league of England, but on account of the extreme opinions of the majority of its members he soon resigned his connexion with it. In 1846, chiefly on account of his advocacy of free-trade doc trines, he was elected member of the chamber of deputies for Rheims, and in the chamber he took a leading part in the discussion of all economical and financial questions. After the revolution of 1848 he became a member of the new assembly for the department of Marne, and in December of the same year he was named minister of public works, and a little later minister of the interior; but he was compelled through the opposition manifested to his measures by the extreme republicans to resign his office 14th May 1849. On 10th April 1851 he again accepted the same office from Louis Napoleon, then president of the republic, but when Napoleon resolved to appeal to universal suffrage Faucher again resigned ; and after the coup d etat he also refused to become a member of the constitutional commission insti tuted by the emperor. The occurrence of an affection of the throat which gradually assumed an alarming form in duced him to pass the summer of 1854 in different parts of the Pyrenees. He had resolved to remain in Italy over the winter, but in November business affairs called him to Paris, and on his way back to Italy he was seized at Marseilles by typhoid fever, and died 14th December. During his whole political career Faucher maintained his probity unsullied, and in very difficult circumstances held with unswerving steadfastness to the path pointed out to him by convictions which were formed solely by a scientific study of political problems and an unprejudiced regard for the welfare of the human race. His economical writings are characterized by clearness of statement, fulness of in formation, incisiveness of reasoning, and firm grasp of prin ciples. In relation to the cause of free trade in France he