Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/66

F A V F A V cask " (Carlyle) ; Heine s ingenious and highly dramatic ballet (Der Doktor Faust, ein Tanzpoem) ; and Lenau s poem, partly epic and partly dramatic, not deficient in isolated beauties, but a mere repetition of Goethe in all essential respects. Goethe s example, as well as the gene rally subjective character of modern poetry, has led to the creation of a number of ideal figures impersonating some particular thought or principle, and betraying more or less affinity to their original. Such are the Manfred of Byron, the Paracelsus of Browning, the Balder of Dobell, the Spiridion of George Sand, the Konrad Wallenrod of Mickiewicz, last and not least remarkable the Brand of the Norwegian poet Ibsen. The affinity between the typical figures of Faustus and Tannhauser is very powerfully in dicated in the last poem of the lyrical collection entitled Der ncue Tannhauser, by Eduard Grisebach (1871). The best works on the history of the Faustus legend are Rist- clliuber, Faust dans I histoire et dans la ligcnde (Paris, 1863) ; Diintzer, Die Sage von Dr Johami Faustus (Stuttgart, 1846) ; the article by W. Sommer in Ersch and Griiber s Encyclopaedia, and that in Meyer s Conversations Lexicon. For its bibliography see Peter, Die Liter atur der Faustsage (3d edit. Leipsic, 1857), and the " Bibliotheca Faustiana " in the first part of Engel s Deutsche PuppenTcomodicn (1872). The earliest extant edition of the English version of the German legend, from which it departs in several respects, bears date 1592, but the work had been published pre viously. It is reprinted in the third volume of Thoms s Early English Prose Romances (1827). (R. G.) FAVARA, a town of Sicily, in the province of Girgenti, is situated 5 miles E.S.E. of Girgenti in a mountainous dis trict neir the Hypas, a tributary of the Acragas. It possesses a beautiful old chateau of the Charamonti family, built in the 14th century. In the neighbourhood of Favara there are large sulphur mines, marble quarries, and deposits of bitumen ; and it has also a considerable trade in grain and fruits. The population in 1871 was 15,197. FAVART, CHARLES SIMON (1710-1792), French dramatist, was born at Paris, November 13, 1710. He was the son of a noted pastry-cook, a man of some parts who in his leisure hours amused himself with making verses. The son was educated at the college of Louis-le-Grand, and after his father s death carried on the business for a time for the sake of his mother. His first success in literature was a poem entitled La France delivree par la Pucelle d Orlcans, which obtained the prize of the Acade"inie des Jeux Floraux. After the production of his first vaudeville, .Les Deux Jumelles, circumstances enabled him to relinquish his business and devote himself entirely to the drama. He provided many pieces anonymously for the lesser theatres, and first put his name to La Chercheme cC Esprit, which was produced in 1741. Among his most successful works were Annette et Lublin, Le Coq du Village (1743), Ninette a la Cour (1755), Les Trois Sultanes (1761), and L Anglais a Bordeaux (1763). Favarfc became director of the Ope"ra Comique ; and in 1745 he married Mademoiselle Duronceray, a beautiful young singer and actress who had made a successful ddbut the year before. By their united talents and labours the Opdra Comique rose to such a height of success that the jealousy of rival theatres was aroused, and through their influence the house was suppressed the same year. Favart thus left without re sources accepted the proposal of Marshal Saxe, and under took the direction of a troupe of comedians which was to accompany his army into Flanders. It was part of his duty to compose from time to time impromptu verses on the events of the campaign, amusing and stimulating the spirits of the men. So popular were Favart and his troop that " the enemy " became desirous of sharing his services, and permission was given to gratify them, battles and comedies thus curiously alternating with each other, But in the midst of his success a heavy blow fell upon him. The marshal had looked with evil eyes upon Favart s young wife, and attempted to seduce her. To escape him the wife fled to Paris, and the wrath of the foiled adulterer fell upon the husband. A lettre de cachet was issued against him, and he only saved himself by flight and concealment in a cave. Madame Favart meanwhile had been distinguishing herself at the Comddie Italien ; but as she still rejected the brutal advances of the marshal, she was suddenly arrested and confined in a provincial convent, where she was treated as a prisoner of state. After an imprisonment of more than a year her fortitude gave way, and, yielding to the will of her pursuer, she was at length liberated. After the marshal s death in 1750, Favart returned to Paris, and re sumed his pursuits as a dramatist. It was at this time that the Abbe" de Voisenon became intimately associated | with him and took part in his labours, though to what extent is uncertain. Madame Favart, after a long and pain ful illness, died at Paris, April 22, 1772. She is remem bered as a bold reformer of stage costumes, breaking with the custom of dressing all the dramatis personce in court or showy style, and introducing the use of costumes appropri ate to the various characters. She had remarkable powers of mimicry, especially of the speech and accent of foreigners. She assisted her husband in some of his best productions. He felt her loss deeply, survived her twenty years, becom ing nearly blind in his last days, and died at Paris, May 12, 1792. His works have been several times republished- In 1809 appeared his Memoires et Correspondance litter air e, dramatique, et anecdotique, which furnish valuable informa tion on the state of the literary and theatrical worlds in the 18th century. This work, in 3 vols. 8vo, was edited by his grandson A. P. C. Favart and H. F. Dumolard. FAVERSHAM, or FEVERSHAM, a municipal borough and market-town of England, county of Kent, is situated 10 miles W.N.W. of Canterbury, and 47 E.S.E. of London by rail. The town consists of four principal streets, form ing an irregular cross, in the centre of which are the town- hall and market-place. The parish church is a spacious cruciform structure, surmounted by a tower and spire ; both its exterior and its interior have lately undergone restorations. Faversham has a free grammar school, a national school, a theatre, and assembly- rooms. Faversham Creek, which communicates with East Swale, is navigable up to the town for vessels of 150 tons. The shipping trade is pretty extensive, chiefly in coal, timber, and agricul tural produce. The oyster fisheries are the principal industry, but brewing, brickmaking, and the manufacture of Roman cement are carried on, and there are several large powder mills in the vicinity of the town. Faversham is very ancient, and on account of its situation directly opposite the south-east extremity of the Isle of Sheppcy early rose into consideration. In 812 it was styled "the king s little town of Fefresham," and in 930 it was the meeting place of a witan or national council. King Stephen and Queen Maud founded here, in 1147, a Cluniac Abbey, and both they and their son, Eustace count of Boulogne, were buried within its walls. It was to Faver sham that the boatmen conveyed James II. after preventing his escape in a small vessel lying at Shelhiess. The population in 1871 was 7198 FAVORINUS, <$>a(3wpLvos, a celebrated sophist, flourished during the reign of Hadrian. A Gaul by birth, he was a native of Aries, but at an early age began his life-long travels through Greece, Italy, and the East. He may have acquired some knowledge of Latin and Greek even before he left Gaul, for Aries was within a short distance of the Phocian colony of Marseilles that "Athens of the West" which Varro calls " trilinguis," and which, according to Strabo, had taught the Gauls to become Philhellenes. His extensive knowledge, combined with great oratorical powers, raised him to eminence both in Athens and Rome. With Plutarch, who dedicated to him his treatise -n-epl TOV Trpwrou )/a<xpoi>, with Herodes Atticus, to whom he bequeathed his library at Rome, with Demetrius of Alexan-