Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/813

F R E F R I 777 blue ; and there is some trade in corn, cattle, and wood. Freodenstadt was founded in 1599 by Protestant refugees from Austria, and at first it received from Duke Frederick the name of Frederickstadt, which on account of the peace ful prosperity of the town was afterwards changed to Freu- denstadt, The population in 1875 was 5325. FREUDENTHAL, a town of Austrian Silesia, circle of Troppau, on the Black Water, 22 miles W. of Troppau. It has a large castle, a Fiarist college, an orphan asylum, a head real-school, and an under real-school. Its principal industries are linen and woollen weaving, and the manu facture of leather, chemicals, and metal wares. The popu lation in 1869 was 6243. FREYA, in Teutonic mythology, one of the Vanen, or spirits of the breathing wind, which have their abode in Vansheim, or middle air between the upper and under world. Freya, or Fregga, becomes the wife of Odur or Woden (Odin), and the mother of Jord, the earth, thus answering to the Greek Demeter. In the myth of Thor, whose hammer is stolen by the giant Thoym, Freya lends her feather-garment to Loki, and thus enables him to go in search of it. Thoym refuses to give it up, unless Freya will consent to be his wife ; and as Freya will not go, Thor, on the advice of the Heimdall, descends to Jotunheim in the disguise of a bride, and Thoym, taking the god to be Freya, meets his doom at his hands at the moment of his fancied nuptials. FREYCINET, Louis CLAUDE DESAULSES DE (1779- 1842), French, navigator, was bora at Montelimart in Dauphiny, August 7, 1779. In 1793 he entered the French navy. After taking part in several engagements against the English, he joined in 1SOO, along with his brother Henri Louis (1777-1840), who afterwards rose to the rank of admiral, the expedition sent out under Captain Buudin in the " Naturaliste " and "Geographe" to explore the south and south-west coasts of Australia. Much of the ground already gone over by Flinders was revisited, and new names imposed by this expedition, which claimed credit for discoveries really made by the English navigator (see FLINDERS). In 1805 Louis returned to Paris, and was entrusted by Government with the work of preparing the maps and plans of the expedition. In 1817 he commanded the "Uranie," in which Arago and others went to Rio de Janeiro, to take a series of pendulum measurements. This was only part of a larger scheme for obtaining observations, not only in geography and ethnology, but in astronomy, ter restrial magnetism, and meteorology, and for the collection of specimens in natural history. For three years Freycinet cruised about, visiting Australia, the Marianne, Sandwich, and other Pacific islands, South America, and other places, returning to France, notwithstanding the loss of the " Uranie," with fine collections in all departments of natural history, and with voluminous notes and drawings which form an important contribution to a knowledge of the countries visited. The results of this voyage were published under Freyctnet s supervision, with the title of Voyage Autour du Monde, etc., in 1825-44, in 8 quarto volumes, and several folio volumes of fine plates and maps. It has not, however, been completed. Freycinet was ad mitted into the Academy of Sciences in 1825, and was one of the founders of the Paris Geographical Society. He died August 18, 1842. FREYTAG, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1788-1861), Arabist, was born at Liineburg on the 19th of September After the usual preliminary training he entered the 1788. university of Gottingen as a student of philology and theo logy. From 1811 to 1813 he acted as repetent or theo logical tutor there, but in the latter year he accepted an appointment as sub-librarian, at Konigsberg, unable, it is said, any longer to witness the subjection of Hanover to the French. In 1815 he became a chaplain in the Prussian army, and in that capacity visited Paris, where he had ample opportunities for the cultivation of his favourite Oriental studies. On the proclamation of peace he resigned his chaplaincy, but with the sanction and support of his Government continued his researches in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish at Paris, under De Sacy. In 1 8 1 9 he was appointed to the professorship of Oriental languages in the recently established university of Bonn; and this post he continued to hold until his death, which took place on the 16th of November 1861. Besides publishing a compendium of Hebrew grammar (KungefauU Grammatik der Hebraist-hen Sprache, 1835), and a treatise on Arabic versification (Darttdlung der Arabischen Verskuntt, 1838), he edited two volumes of Arabic songs (Hamasce Carmina, 1828-52) and three of Arabic proverbs (Arabnm Proverbia, 1838-43). But his principal work was the laborious and praiseworthy Lexicon Arabico-Latinum (1830-37), which rapidly super seded the earlier lexicons, and which, though not to be compared with the magnificent torso of Lane, is likely to remain long in current use as embodying the best results of the labours of De Sacy and his school. An abridgment of the larger work was published in 1837. FRIAR, from the Latin f rater through the French frere rofc or/ra, Span, frayle or fray), a secondary form of a word which is common to all the Aryan languages, is a name commonly applied in English to any lay member of any mendicant order. One who has received ordination is usually dignified with the appellation of father. The church of Rome at present recognizes a considerable number of mendicant orders ; but at the time when the word first became current in England, there were practically only four, namely, those which alone had been sanctioned by Pope Gregory X. at the second council of Lyons in 1274. They were the Eremite or Austin Friars, the Carmelites or White Friars, the Dominicans or Black Friars (sometimes also called preaching friars), and the Franciscans, Minors, or Grey Friars. For some estimate of the influence of these begging friars on the intellectual and social life of England, see ENGLAND, vol. viii. 316, 317. They were first brought into Scotland during the reign of Alexander II., but for many years afterwards were subject to the provincials in England. The "Trinity Friars" also had a monastery at Fail in Kyle (Ayrshire); and their provincial had at one time a seat, in virtue of his office, in the Scottish Parlia ment. Members of the same order, popularly known as " crouched friars " or cross-bearers (fratres cruciferi), began to appear in England also about the year 1244, and occa sional reference is made to them in various ecclesiastical constitutions of that and of the following century ; but they never attained to any great importance. See MOK- ACHISM, CARMELITES, DOMINICANS, FRANCISCANS. FRIBOURG. See FREIBURG. FRICTION is the resistance which every material surface presents to the sliding of any other such surface upon it. This resistance is due to the roughness of the surfaces; the minute projections upon each enter more or less into the minute depressions on the other, and when motion occurs these roughnesses must either be worn off, or continually lifted out of the hollows into which they have fallen, or both, the resistance to motion being in either case quite perceptible and measurable. Friction is preferably spoken of as " resistance " rather than force," for a reason exactly the same as that which induces us to treat stress rather as molecular resistance (to change of form) than as force, and which may be stated thus : although friction can be utilized as a moving force at will, and is continually so used, yet it annot be a primary moving force; it can transmit or modify motion already existing, but cannot in the first in stance cause it. For this some external force, not friction, IX. 08