Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/863

F U N F U N 827 was not uncommon, that of burying tko eucharistic bread with the dead. Special prayers were offered for the soul of the departed, and the priests, and afterwards other friends, gave the corpse the last kiss of peace. See CREMATION". For descriptions of the funeral rites of different nations the reader may bo referred to general works on ethnography, sueh as Dr Robert Brown s Laces of Mankind ; Herbert Spencer s Descriptive Sociology ; Prichard s Researches iiito t/u; Physical History of Man; Fr. Mailer s Allycmcinc Ethnographic; Waitz s Anthropologie dcr Natur- Vtilkcr; Klemm sAllgcmeine CulturgcschicMc dcr Mcnschhcit ; and more particularly to 1 orcaechi, Funcrali antichi di divcrsi populi c nationi, Veil. 1754 ; Muret, Ceremonies funibrcs dc toutcs nations, Paris, 1677 (English translation by Lorrain, 1683) ; Fey- deau, llist. generalc des usages funcbrcs ct dcs sepultures drs pcuplcs ancicns, Paris, 1858, 3 vols. ; Do Gubernatis, Storm popolarc dcrjli usi funcbri Indo-Europci, 1873 ; Tegg, The Last Act, London, 187(5 ; and Sonntag, Die Todtcnbcstattiing, Halle, 1878. For the funeral customs of the Bengal tribes reference may be made to Dai- ton s Ethnology of Bengal ; for those of the American races, to Bancroft s Native Ilaccs of the Pacific States of America ; and for interpretations of funeral rites, to Tylor s Primitive Culture, vol. ii. , and Spencer s Principles of Sociology. Spencer not only treats of the origin and meaning of funeral rites, but strives to deduce all religious ideas and institutions out of those rites as their original source. For classical rites see Guichard, Funeraillcs . . . dcs Romains, Grecs, &c., Lyons, 1581; Meursius, Da funcre Grccorum ct Ronianorum, Hague, 1604 ; Gutherius, Da Jure Manium, Paris, 1613 ; Kirchmann, De funcribus Ronianorum, Hamburg, 1605 ; Stackelberg, Die Grdbcr dcr Hcllencn, Berlin, 1837; and Becker s Charicles and Gallus ; and for early Christian rites, Gretser, DC Funcre Christiana, Ingoldst., 1611; Durand, Rationale Divinorum Officium, composed in the 13th century, and first published at ilainz, 1459 ; Bingham s Antiquities of the Christian Church, book xxiii. ; and Augusti s Christlichc Archwologic, Bd. ix. For English cere monies see Agard, Dethick, Holland, &c., " On antiquity of ceremonies used at funerals," in Hearne s Collection ; Brand s Popu lar Antiquities ; Strutt s Manners and Customs. Weinhold has treated of early German customs in Die heidnische Todtcnbcstat- tung in Deutschland, Vienna, 1859. (J. R.) FUNFHAUS, FUNFHAUSEL, formerly HANGENDENLIS- SEN, a flourishing and populous suburb to the south-west of Vienna, forming, along with Sechshaus proper and Rudolfsheim, the commissariat of Sechshaus, and trending in a westerly direction towards Schonbrunn. The principal manufactures are silk, satin, velvet, and cotton fabrics. Hangendenlissen was a village belonging to the Barnabite college of St Michael at Vienna. The population, which in 1869 numbered 27,065, had increased in 1872 to 36,388. FUNFKIRCHEN, Hung. Pecs, a royal free city of Hun gary, capital of the varmegye or county of Baranya, is situ ated on the declivity of Mount Mecsek, and on the railway to Mohacs, 105 miles S.S.W. of Buda, 46 6 N. lat., 18 13 E. long. It is one of the oldest and finest towns in Hungary, and is the seat of a bishop and of the county administration. It consists principally of a public square, and a main street extending about five miles in length. Amongst the note worthy buildings are the cathedral, said to have been founded by St Stephen of Hungary in 1009, and reputed to be the oldest church in the kingdom, the bishop s palace, the county and town halls, several churches and monasteries, a public hospital, the theatre, an ecclesiastical seminary, a high-class gymnasium, and other educational establish ments. Fiinfkirchen has manufactories of woollen-cloth, flannels, rosoglio, oil, leather, and paper, and also carries on a considerable trade in tobacco, gall-nuts, and wine. The population in 1870 amounted to 23,863, chiefly Catholics : by nationality the greater number are Magyars, the re mainder Germans and Croatians. In former times Fiinf kirchen was of much greater relative importance than at present. According to tradition it existed in the time of the Romans. In the Frankish-German period it was known under the name of Qninque Ecclesirc ; its bishopric was founded in 1009; in 1543 it was taken by the Turks, who retained possession of it till 1686. On the 18th June 1849 it was occupied by the Austrians under General Nugent. FUNGUS (Gr. fuk?;?, whence are derived mycetes, employed as a termination to the names of certain orders of fungi, and also the term mycetology, or more commonly mycology, the science of fungi) is the name applied to a distinct class of cellular cryptogams or Thallophyta. Though as plants the class is well marked by the invariable absence of chlorophyll, and consequently of the physio logical phenomena attending its pre3enco and action, it is not so at some points, where a dubious border exists between it and the lower members of the animal kingdom. The vegetative body or thallus of fungi consists of fili form, cellular elements called hyp/ice. In one group, the Phycomyceles, the hypha usually consists of a single densely branching cell ; but in most cases it is composed of a series of cells placed end on end. These hyphse ramify laterally much more frequently than dichotomously, and the usual mode of growth is by an apical cell which divides transversely ; but in the bodies of the larger fungi inter calary growth also occurs (as in llhizomorpha subterranea). A single hypha forms the complete thallus of the simpler fungi called Ifyphomycetes, Haplomycetes, &c., but the bodies of the larger (compound) fungi are composed of a colony of hyphre, usually densely interwoven, more rarely running in parallel lines, but always more or less firmly adhering together. In many fungi (as in the stalk of tho PhaUoidea , tha pileus of Itussula, andLactarius, in Sclerotia, and in tbo peridia of the Lycoperdaccce) the fully developed tissue consists of polyhedral cells, closely packed, and bear ing resemblance to parenchyma. This texture, however, consists of ordinary hypha?, which, through pressure from adjacent parts, have been forced to assume this form. It bears the name of ptevefopartnchynuh The Myxomycetes are the only largo group of organisms usually classed with fungi which cannot be described as consisting of hyphoe. These differ in so many ways and so widely from any fungal or indeed vegetable structures that a separate consideration of their position is necessary (see Order V.). Other exceptions of a minor nature have been made of such organisms as Iformiscium, Cryptococcus, (fee., but it is now the general belief that these are merely repro ductive bodies of more perfect fungi. The cells of fungal hyphae are of many shapes, but tho usual one is long and cylindrical, and the other shapes are more or less modifica- tions of this. The structure and growth of the fungal cell agree in general with those of the vegetable cell as it occurs elsewhere. At tho same time no group in the vegetable kingdom exhibits so many minor divergent histological characters a condition which serves to mark its boundaries as a class of vegetables with great distinctness. The Cell-Membrane. In the numerous fungi which de velop rapidly and have a short existence in the adult state, the cell -wall is thin, tender, and structureless ; but when a plant of this kind is accidentally checked in its expansion, tho result is the production of thick, homo geneous, unstratified membranes. On tho other hand, the cell-wall of the more persistent species early acquires con siderable thickness, which, in the adult state, often so increases that the cell has the appearance of a solid cylinder. These thick membranes vary from a woody to a gelatinous consistency, and are composed sometimes of more than one layer. In the Polyporei, Thelephora, Bovista, Geaster, Tulostoma, &c., the cell-walls often exhibit (either after simple immersion in water or on the application of chemical reagents) at least two layers, the outer firmer and often coloured, the inner softer and clearer. The cohesion of the filaments in these larger plants io brought about by their being densely interwoven, and also by the firm union and to a certain extent the amalgamation of the outer layers of the membranes. Spiral and ring-shaped thickenings are to be found in the capillitium cells of Batarrea and Podaxon