gent that little guidance is required, the cost of foremen becomes very low. All workmen are not intelligent and the most intelligent are not always the most industrious. Intelligent directors of work are, therefore, required, and they are, of course, the specially trained men. Such diagrams show that education and training pay. In order to direct the vast numbers of poorly-trained men there must be numbers of better-trained men, and, as technical education becomes more common and the general intelligence of ordinary laborers rises, the educated men must be far better educated than the average if they are to receive better than the average pay.
The second diagram is taken from the Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XXV, 1904. This diagram was prepared under the direction of Mr. James M. Dodge, to illustrate his Presidential Address before that society in December, 1903. Mr. Dodge assumed that all boys have a potential value of $3000 at the age of 16 years. He considers four groups of men working in the mechanic arts—the unskilled labor group, the shop-trained or apprentice group, the trade-school group and the technical school group.
Data is lacking as to the progress of the unskilled labor group from the age of 16 to the age of 22, when the average weekly wage is $10.20. This continues to be fairly level for a few years and then,
