steam engine was improved to such an extent that its rapid development led to the most wonderful changes the world has ever witnessed. The power of men to achieve was multiplied a millionfold and manual labor gave way to mechanical effort, whereby comforts hitherto unknown were brought within the means of everyone. Need was had for men trained in mathematics and the physical sciences and such men were found in the ranks of the engineers, civil, naval and military. The first men to make a specialty of engine design and operation were known as Mechanical Civil Engineers, but for only a short time was the awkward title used, the word civil being dropped so that the Mechanical Engineer became an individual. The first mining men who called themselves engineers were Mining Civil Engineers, but it was a cumbersome title soon abandoned for that of Mining Engineer, or Engineer of Mines. The Electrical Engineer was an electrician when that science first came into prominence and the Electrical Engineer as such did not appear upon the scene until about seventy-five years after the Mechanical Engineer dropped the word civil from his title.
"Farther than runneth the memory of man," every nation had schools for the training of military engineers and the professors were men who wrote many books so that some of the rules of construction followed to-day date back several cen-
