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1922 SHORT NOTICES 293 and seldom without profit. It need not be said that it is not a book for the beginner, and through all the three volumes the reader must keep his critical powers actively awake. K. L. P. In his History of Pisa (Cambridge : University Press, 1921) the late Mr. W. Heywood has traced the development of the Tuscan maritime commune during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. He relates at length its wars with the Saracens, its role in the Crusades, its commercial activities, its bitter rivalry with Genoa. He has worked through the local sources with admirable thoroughness, quoting freely from them in the foot-notes. Unfortunately he has limited his researches to the contents of his own library, which appears to have been inadequate for his task. He constantly cites his authorities at second hand or from obsolete editions. Thus (p. 16) he quotes Gerbert from Amari's Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia for a legend that Gerbert as Pope Silvester II in 999 proclaimed a crusade against the Moslems ; but M. Ha vet in his edition of the letters has shown that the letter in question was written some years before Gerbert became pope, probably in 993, and that it contains no idea of a crusade in it. The legend thus becomes yet more legendary. On p. 105 by quoting Otto of Freising through the medium of Muratori's Annali d'ltalia he is led into a hope- less misrepresentation of the bishop's words. ' Otto of Frisingen saw the Lucchese captives "wasted, squalid and miserable in the dungeons of Pisa, drawing tears of compassion from the eyes of every passing stranger '"is Mr. Heywood's rendering, to magnify the triumph of the Pisans over the men of Lucca, of the following passage : ' Porro ex Pisanis et Lucensibus non tantum plurimi ferro cesi compendio mortis miseriam miserabiliter terminavere, sed et innumerabiles utrovis comprehensi ac longa, ut ipse vidi, carceris inedia et squalore macerati omnibus pretereuntibus lacri- mabile humani casus in se spectaculum prebent ' (Chron. vii, c. xxix). But for the history of Pisa the most extraordinary oversight is displayed when the author speaks of the constitutions granted by Frederick Barba- rossa through the agency of his chancellor Rainald of Dassel in the year 1162. ' Although ', he says (p. 159), ' the concordia with Lucca is the only one which has come down to us, it is practically certain that similar con- ventions were entered into with other cities.' Certain indeed, for in addi- tion to the convention with Lucca, similar conventions were granted and^ are printed in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones et Ada Publica, i, pp. 282 ff., for Genoa, Cremona, Ravenna, and Pisa itself. This important grant of privileges to Pisa Mr. Heywood has entirely ignored, and when, nearly thirty years later (1191), it was confirmed in almost identical words by Henry VI, he gives a full account of it and regards it as a striking innovation ; ' these were the prizes ', he writes, ' which might well be Pisa's, if Henry fulfilled his promises. What wonder that the enthusiasm of the citizens for the Sicilian expedition rose to fever-heat ' (p. 222). It is a pity that an otherwise useful and careful piece of work should be spoiled by such blunders. A. L. P. Dr. A. Cartellieri's article ' Die auswartige Politik der Staufer ' con- tributed to the Korrespondenzblatt des Gesamtvereins der deutschen Geschichts-