Page:English Historical Review Volume 37.djvu/630

622 SHORT NOTICES October account of the Benedictine rule ' enfin, pas de caporalisme '. The coloured illustrations in the book are of a type similar to those in the other volumes. It would be unfair to hold M. Goyau responsible for them. E. L. W. The two volumes of Professor Ernst Gagliardi's Geschichte der Schweiz von den Anfdngen bis aufdie Gegenwart (Zurich : Kascher, 1920) are inter- mediate in size between the learned volumes of Johannes Dierauer and (say) the popular sketch of the poet Jakob Schaffner (Stuttgart, 1915). German criticism has reproached the book with unduly transferring the notions of modern democracy into the past of Swiss history, but it is precisely the astonishing growth of political coherence and love of country in a people participating in three distinct modern nationalities which needs, and in Dr. Gagliardi's work has in a very able manner found, historical explanation. The critical analysis of the legend of liberation, in doing justice to the parts played by feudal and territorial lordship in the history of Switzerland, has only served to bring out more clearly the firm foundations of freedom and community in peasant and town life, on which its political development took such a different shape from that of imperial and territorial Germany. The lack of an index at least of names is, I think, a mistake in a book which might naturally be consulted as a guide to all sorts of simple data. The more agreeably the reader will be surprised by the beautiful, if simple, repro- ductions inserted into the text of historical works of art such as the Chronicle of Schodeler (fifteenth century), the woodcuts of Uro Graf (six- teenth century), and the landscape and ' genre ' etchings of eighteenth- century Zurich. C. B. The Eev. William Hudson's article on The Anglo-Danish Village Community of Martham (Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, Original Papers, vol. xx, part iii, p. 273) deals with the establishment of the manorial economy within what had once been a singularly free village. In 1086 the bishop of Thetford possessed in Martham a berewick of his manor of Hemsby, comprising two teamlands with 7 villeins, 3 bordars, and 1 slave. Twenty-seven sokemen in Martham were annexed to Hemsby, and 36 free men, who had been commended to Bishop ^thelmser, remained on the fee of Bishop William de Bello Fago, and were worth 8 10s. a year to him. Martham was given by Bishop Herbert Losinga to the cathedral priory of Norwich in 1101, and in 1292 it was described in great detail in the survey of the priory manors contained in Stowe MS. 936. The essential part of Mr. Hudson's work has been the establishment of a con- nexion between the tenures recorded in 1292 and the conditions of 1086. In particular, by elaborate but convincing calculations he has shown that the 27 sokemen of 1086 are represented by 27 socage tenants in 1292, and that the 36 free men of Domesday have become 36 tenants in villeinage. Mr. Hudson's analysis of the Stowe Survey leads to other interesting results, but this is exceptionally important. It does not follow that the villeinage tenants of the survey were burdened much more heavily than their free predecessors. In a paper read before the Royal Historical Society * 1 Transactions, 4th series, i. 28-58.