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1921 AND THE DUKE OF BEDFORD 177 period 1416-22, while the outstanding debts for the same period amounted to £25,434, not to mention the great number of ' unpaid bills' for the Agincourt year. 1 Financial administration was conducted, in England undei the immediate direction of the exchequer, in the field by the treasurer of war. Such division brought most of the naval expenditure unpler the purview of the home treasury, inasmuch as the Channel squadrons had their bases in England, and arrange- ments for transport would naturally be made on the English side of the Channel. Certain naval charges, however, would neces- sarily fall upon the head-quarters treasury when vessels, either of transport or war, were kept for service in Norman waters or up the Seine. 2 Apparently the treasurer of war was the representative in the field of the royal exchequer. At the same time he was treasurer of the household, which meant that he was head of both the wardrobe and the * camera regis '. It seems clear that the household organization provided the mediaeval equivalent for a general head-quarters with paymaster's, commissary's, and quartermaster's * departments ', the whole being under the direction of the treasurer of war. It is noticeable, however, that only infrequently were sums issued from the exchequer to the treasurer of war in that capacity, namely the large amounts sent over to pay the troops. 3 In the accounts these would be supple- mented by the sums charged to the treasurer's account and paid out in England to troops sent as reinforcements. 4 On the other hand, money was constantly being issued in large and small amounts, as ' household expenses ', to the treasurer of war in his other capacity. There were also repeated payments into the ' camera regis '. As to how this money might be used we get occasional indications when the Issue Rolls designate a certain sum as intended for bows and arrows, 5 or ' pro secretis expensis ' ; and once they record payment from the ' camera ' to the treasurer of Harfleur, apparently for the ordinary expenses of the town. 6 1 See above, p. 173, n. 3. 8 Some of the naval accounts record payment by the treasurer of war (Exchequer Accounts, 48/21, 48/22, 48/27, 49/7). Probably these represent payments to mariners to whom wages were due at the end of the voyage to Normandy. Similarly, the account of Sir William Philip, treasurer of war in 1421, records payments to sailors on the vessels which brought Bedford's forces to France (Foreign Accounts, 69 G r , mm. 1-2). The account of the royal balinger Nicholas de la Tour contains record of payment, now by the treasurer of the exchequer, now by the treasurer of war (Exchequer Accts. 49/10). The master of the Edmund de la Tour appears in Philip's account as having been paid regularly like any military captain (Foreign Accts. 69 H r , m. 2). 3 Issue Roll 636, m. 15 ; 638, mm. 11, 18. 4 This is illustrated by the detailed statement of wages paid by the exchequer to Bedford's contingent in February-March 1422, which appears as both receipt and expenditure in Philip's account (Foreign Accts. 69 F, I). 5 Issue Roll 640, m. 11. 6 Issue Roll 655, m. 16 ; Exchequer Accts. 48/8 2 . VOL. XXXVI. — NO. CXLII. . N